Figure 1.

Betel quid extract induces oral cancer cell migration through activation of SFKs. (A) Cell migration of three oral cancer cell lines Ca9-22, SAS, and SCC9 was all significantly induced when treated with BQ extract (1.6 mg/ml), as indicated by the increased total migrated cell numbers. The elevated cell motility could be progressively counteracted by addition of an increasing concentration of PP2 (2.5–10 µM). Each treatment contains DMSO, the solvent of PP2, for control purpose. (B) Ectopic overexpression of the cellular-negative regulator of SFKs, CSK, resulted in reduced cell migration in the presence of BQ extract. Ca9-22 cells were transfected with HA-CSK construct or control vector, and protein expression was confirmed by Western blot analysis as shown. All migration assays were done in triplicates, and results were expressed as mean ± SD.