. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Feb 1.

Published in final edited form as: Int J Obes (Lond). 2007 Nov 27;32(2):201–210. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803760

Table 1.

Studies included in meta-analysis of maternal smoking during pregnancy and child overweight

Study, 1st author (year), population	N in analysis (cohort)	Child age in years at outcome	Smoking exposure (prevalence)	Covariates	Outcome (prevalence)	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Adams (2005)¹⁴	252	3	At initial WIC	Maternal: age, BMI, education, income	BMI≥85th percentile (40.9%)	1.74 (1.05, 2.90)^a	2.16 (1.05, 4.47)
American Indians in Wisconsin enrolled in the Supplemental Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)	(3015)		visit—‘most 1st or 2nd trimester’ (42.5%) Maternal report at prenatal WIC visit	Child: birthweight, ever breastfed	Height and weight measured at WIC visit
Al Mamun (2006)¹⁵	3253 (7223)	14	During pregnancy (36.6%)	Maternal: age, marital status, income	85th ≤BMI <95th percentile (19.3%)	1.30 (1.07, 1.58)	1.30 (1.05, 1.60)
Mater University Study of Pregnancy and its Outcomes, Australia			Maternal report during pregnancy and at birth	Child: age, sex, breastfeeding, consumption of fast food, salad, soft drinks, red meat, TV viewing, participation in sports and exercise	BMI≥95th percentile (6.2%) Research measurement of height and weight	1.41 (1.04, 1.91)	1.40 (1.01, 1.94)
Bergmann (2003)¹⁶ German Multicenter Atopy Study	480 (1314)	6	During pregnancy (19.6%) Not reported how assessed	Maternal: social status, overweight in pregnancy Child: breastfeeding	BMI≥90th percentile (9.5%) BMI≥97th percentile (9.5%) Research measurement of height and weight	1.78 (1.21, 2.64)	2.08 (1.19, 3.63) 2.30 (1.15, 4.60)
Chen (2006)¹⁷	34 866 (44 213)	8	During pregnancy (51.4%)	Maternal: age, race, pre- pregnancy BMI, marital status, education, socioeconomic index, gestational age at recruitment, recruitment site	BMI≥85th percentile (11%)	1.23 (1.08, 1.39) M^a 1.29 (1.14, 1.47) F^a ^a	1.21 (1.05, 1.39) M 1.37 (1.19, 1.58) F
Collaborative Perinatal Project			Maternal report during pregnancy	Child: age, birth order, breastfeeding	BMI≥95th percentile (4%) Research measurement of height and weight	1.17 (0.96, 1.43) M^a 1.20 (0.99, 1.44) F	1.21 (0.96, 1.51) M 1.31 (1.06, 1.61) F
Dubois (2006)¹⁸ Quebec Longitudinal Study Child Development, Canada	1550 (2103)	4.5	During pregnancy (25.2%) Maternal report at 5 months postpartum	Maternal: overweight, Child: birth weight, gestational age, weight gain birth to 5 months Other: paternal overweight, household income	BMI≥95th percentile (8.5%) Not reported how height and weight measured	1.6 (1.1, 2.4)	1.8 (1.2, 2.8)
Oken (2005)¹⁹ Project Viva, US	746 (2128)	3	Early pregnancy (10%) Maternal report during pregnancy	Maternal: pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, education, race/ethnicity, parity Child: age, sex, fetal growth, gestation length Other: Paternal BMI, household income	BMI≥85th percentile (27%) Research measurement of height and weight	2.5 (1.5, 4.1)^a	2.2 (1.2, 3.9)
Power (2002)²⁰ National Child and Development Study, UK	5839 (17 414)	33	After the 4th month of pregnancy (33.5%) Maternal report at birth	Maternal: BMI, Child: social class at birth, age 7, and age 33, birthweight, infant feeding, physical inactivity age 23, diet age 33 (fried foods, chips, biscuits, sweets, chocolates), attained education age 33	BMI≥30 Research measurement of height and weight	1.56 (1.22, 2.00) M 1.41 (1.12, 1.79) F	1.55 (1.19, 2.00) M 1.45 (1.13, 1.87) F
Reilly (2005)²¹ Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, UK	5493 (13 971)	7	During pregnancy 1-9 cigs/day vs 0 (5.5%) (in total 14% smoked) Maternal report during pregnancy	Maternal: age, parity, obesity Child: birth weight, sex, season at birth, gestational age, plurality, breast feeding, introduction of solids, number of siblings, ethnicity, in childhood time spent watching TV, in car, sleeping. Dietary pattern in childhood. Other: paternal obesity	BMI≥95th percentile (8.6%) Research measurement of height and weight	1.60 (1.17, 2.18)	1.76 (1.21, 2.52)
Salsberry (2005)²² National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, US	3022 (6615)	6–7	During pregnancy (29%) Maternal report -not reported when assessed	Maternal: Age, parity, race/ ethnicity, pre-pregnancy BMI, education, marital status Child: sex, age, birth year, breast feeding, height and weight measured	BMI≥95th percentile (12%) Not reported how height and weight measured	1.43	1.74 (1.32, 2.29)
Toschke (2002)²³ Bavarian schoolchildren, Germany	8765 (13 345)	5–6.9	Throughout pregnancy (7.5%) Maternal report at outcome assessment	Child: low birth weight, prematurity, breastfeeding Other: parental education	BMI≥90th percentile (10%) BMI≥97th percentile (3%) Clinical measurement of height and weight	1.85 (1.47, 2.33) 2.32 (1.63, 3.30)	1.58 (1.23, 2.04) 1.92 (1.29, 2.86)
Toschke (2003)²⁴ Bavarian schoolchildren, Germany	4974 (7026)	5–6.9	Early pregnancy (10.9%) Maternal report at outcome assessment	Maternal: education, obesity Child: breastfeeding, TV viewing, video games, physical activity, high infant weight gain Other: paternal obesity	‘Overweight’ (10.4%) ‘Obesity’ (2.7%) Clinical measurement of height and weight	1.66 (1.27, 2.18) 2.41 (1.41, 3.91)	1.52 (1.14, 2.01) 2.22 (1.33, 3.69)
Von Kries (2002)²⁵ Bavarian schoolchildren, Germany	6483 (9731)	5–6.9	During pregnancy (9.8%) Maternal report at outcome assessment	Maternal: education, overweight Child: birth weight > 90th percentile, any breastfeeding, TV/video game > 1 h daily, eating snacks in front of TV Other: paternal education overweight	BMI≥90th percentile (10%) BMI≥97th percentile (3%) Clinical measurement of height and weight	1.97 (1.52, 2.56) 2.96 (1.97, 4.46)	1.43 (1.07, 1.90) 2.06 (1.31, 3.23)
Whitaker (2004)²⁶ Ohio children enrolled in WIC, US	8494	2–4	During pregnancy (32.9%) Birth certificate data	Maternal: age, BMI, race/ethnicity, parity, pregnancy weight gain, education, marital status Child: fetal growth, sex, year of birth	BMI≥95th percentile age 2 (9.5%) BMI≥95th percentile age 3 (12.5%) BMI≥95th percentile age 4 (14.8%) Height and weight measured at WIC visit	1.20 (1.02, 1.42)^a 1.09 (0.93, 1.28)^a 1.06 (0.90, 1.24)^a	1.43 (1.19, 1.72) 1.25 (1.05, 1.49) 1.21 (1.01, 1.45)
Wideroe (2003)²⁷ Population based pregnancy cohort in Norway and Sweden	346 (5722)	5	At week 17 (31.3%) Maternal report during pregnancy	Maternal: age, skinfold thickness, education, total energy intake week 17, fat and carbohydrate intake week 33 Child: birth weight, breastfeeding duration Other: paternal education	BMI≥85th percentile (15%) Research measurement of height and weight	3.0 (1.6, 5.6)	3.8 (2.0, 7.2)

Unadjusted estimate provided by personal communication from study authors.