Table 2.
Sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics of the POAT study participants at baseline*.
| Characteristic | African–American (n = 273) | European–American (n = 302) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | 58.0 (±16.0) | 63.9 (±14.7) | <0.0001 |
| Mean follow-up, months (± SD) | 14.7 (±14.7) | 15.1 (±10.8) | 0.66 |
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | 30.1 (±7.3) | 29.3 (±7.2) | 0.18 |
| Gender | |||
| Female, n (%) | 144 (52.7%) | 136 (45.0%) | 0.065 |
| Male, n (%) | 129 (47.3%) | 166 (55.0%) | |
| Alcohol (drinks per week)§ | |||
| 0, n (%) | 213 (78.0%) | 186 (61.6%) | <0.0001 |
| 1–7, n (%) | 37 (13.6%) | 100 (33.1%) | |
| >8, n (%) | 21 (7.7%) | 16 (5.3%) | |
| Smoking status§ | |||
| Current, n (%) | 51 (18.7%) | 27 (8.9%) | 0.007 |
| Past, n (%) | 90 (33.0%) | 119 (39.4%) | |
| Never, n (%) | 123 (45.0%) | 147 (48.7%) | |
| Site of thromboembolism‡ | |||
| Arterial, n (%) | 109 (39.9%) | 131 (43.4%) | 0.4 |
| Venous, n (%) | 138 (50.5%) | 90 (29.8%) | <0.0001 |
| Both, n (%) | 30 (11.0%) | 21 (6.9%) | 0.09 |
| None, n (%) | 34 (12.4%) | 44 (14.6%) | 0.46 |
| Number of comorbid conditions | |||
| Low (0 or 1), n (%) | 88 (32.2%) | 74 (24.5%) | 0.03 |
| Medium (2 to 4), n (%) | 129 (47.2%) | 141 (46.7%) | |
| High (5 or more), n (%) | 56 (20.5%) | 87 (28.8%) | |
| Concurrent medications | |||
| Antiplatelet agents, n (%) | 133 (49.3%) | 189 (65.6%) | 0.001 |
| NSAIDS, n (%) | 37 (13.7%) | 39 (12.9%) | 0.78 |
| CYP2C9 substrates, n (%) | 91 (33.7%) | 96 (31.8%) | 0.62 |
| CYP2C9 inhibitors, n (%) | 50 (18.3%) | 74 (24.4%) | 0.072 |
| CYP2C9¶ | |||
| CYP2C9 variant genotype, (%) | 11.6% | 33.1% | <0.0001 |
Three Hispanic patients excluded, all significant p-values bolded
All patients had a prescribed target INR range of 2–3. Patients with orthopedic surgery excluded due to short (3–6 month) treatment duration, patients with mechanical heart valve and hypercoagulable state excluded due to higher intensity of anticoagulation required.
Arterial thromboembolism includes patients with MI, stroke and TIA. Venous thromboembolism includes patients with DVT and PE. Both include patients with venous and arterial events. None includes patients with no thromboembolic events (e.g., atrial fibrillation).
Mean (SD) displayed for continuous variables and frequency counts (column percent) for categorical variables.
Missing information on smoking (n = 18) and alcohol (n = 2).
CYP2C9 (variant includes *2, *3, *5, *6 and *11 alleles for African–Americans; *2 and *3 for European–Americans) genotype. CYP2C9 genotype not available in 15 patients.
Patients can have more than one indication for therapy and comorbid conditions. CYP2C9 inhibitors included amiodarone, metronidazole, tamoxifen, propxyphene, co-trimoxazole and so on.
DVT: Deep vein thrombosis; INR: International normalized ratio; MI: Myocardial infarction; NSAID: Nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drug;
PE: Pulmonary embolism; POAT: Pharmacogenetic optimization of anticoagulation therapy; SD: Standard deviation; TIA: Transient ischemic attack.