Nanodevice Binding to Integrin Receptors in an in vitro plate binding assay: Plates coated with αvβ3 integrins were treated with the respective nanodevices (Eq. 4, i.e., with and without covalently bound cRGD targeting moieties) and the cRGD competitor peptide. The bound NDs were detected by their biotin functions using avidin linked to horseradish peroxidase and the color was developed with o-phenylene-diamine. The labels 4X, 40X, and 400X denote 4, 40, and 400 times of molar excess of cRGD mixed with the cRGD-BT-ND nanodevice, respectively competing for the binding sites.