Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008 Aug 20;32(11):1884–1892. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00769.x

Figure 1. Ethanol increases DNA damage and nuclear condensation.

Figure 1

This panel illustrates the effects of ethanol on neuronal DNA damage. Cells were treated with 4mg/ml ethanol for 4 and 24 hours and assessed for DNA damage and chromatin condensation using the TUNEL assay. DNA damage as assessed by TUNEL can be visualized by the green FITC stain and the nuclei are stained blue with DAPI. The first column shows increases in the number of cells that demonstrate DNA damage. The middle column shows all the nuclei of cells present in the field, the number of condensed nuclei being far greater in the 24 hours ethanol treated row. The right most column is a merge of the TUNEL and DAPI stained pictures. Arrows point to examples of condensed nuclei.