Table 1.
Risk factors for MA: quality of included studies
| Study Year | Study Design | Downs and Black Score | Present Adjusted OR | Funding Source |
| Low-risk youth as the comparison group | ||||
| Lampinen 2006 | Cross-sectional | 15 | Yes | Other |
| Oetting 2000 | Cross-sectional | 12 | No | Government |
| Sattah 2002 | Cross-sectional | 15 | Yes | Government |
| Yen 2006a | Case-control | 15 | Yes | Government |
| Yen 2004b | Cross-sectional | 13 | No | NR |
| High-risk youth as the comparison group | ||||
| Kim 2002 | Cross-sectional | 16 | No | Government |
| Miura 2006 | Case-control | 15 | Yes | NR |
| Palmer 2005 | Case-control | 13 | No | NR |
| Rawson 2005 | Cross-sectional | 14 | Yes | NR |
| Shillington 2005 | Cross-sectional | 18 | Yes | Other |
| Shillington 2003 | Cross-sectional | 17 | No | NR |
| Uchida 1995 | Cross-sectional | 12 | No | NR |
a Age and sex matched
b Sex matched