Table 1.

Probiotics improve HF diet-induced insulin resistance and steatosis.

Mean ± SD	Histological steatosis score	Triglyceride mg/g of liver tissue	HOMA-IR
ND	0 ± 0**	5.05 ± 0.92**	0.78 ± 0.01*
HF	2.8 ± 0.42	45.75 ± 6.81	1.58 ± 0.25
HF+Probiotics	1.0 ± 0.94**	17.73 ± 10.19**	0.80 ± 0.10*
HF+NKT	1.9 ± 0.74**	19.01 ± 9.06**	0.76 ± 0.47
CD1dko+ND	0 ± 0	6.51 ± 2.08	NA
CD1dko+HF	2.25 ± 0.71§§	28.01 ± 6.58§§	NA
CD1dko+HF+probiotics	2.13 ± 0.64p1	22.60 ± 2.63p2	NA

Mice were treated the same as described in Figure Legend 2 and 3. Serum glucose and insulin levels were measured after overnight fasting. HOMA-IR, an established measure of insulin sensitivity(40), were calculated as glucose concentration X insulin concentration ÷ 22.5. Liver HE stained sections were evaluated under 200X magnification. On each section, findings from 10 high power fields (HPF) were averaged to derive the data point for that mouse. Hepatic triglyceride was extracted and measured. Mean values (±SD) for 3 mice of each group are shown.

^*p< 0.05

^**p< 0.01vs HF or ND

^§§p<0.01 vs CD1dko+ND

^p10.71

^p20.17 vs CD1dko+HF