Table 1.

Same-study glucocorticoid comparisons of monogamous versus promiscuous species/populations

Monogamy/paternal care	Promiscuous/lack of care	Relative GC levels	Reference
P. polionotus	P. maniculatus	Monog ∼2 higher	This study
P. eremicus	P. leucopus	Monog ∼2–4 higher	Glasper and DeVries, 2005
M. ochrogaster	M. montanus	Monog ∼5–10 higher	DeVries et al., 1995a; Taymans et al., 1997a
Leontopithecus rosalia	Leontopithecus rosalia	Monog ∼2 higher	Bales et al., 2006
Callithrix jacchus	Callithrix jacchus	Exp fathers ∼2–3 higher	da Silva Mota et al., 2006

Abbreviations: Monog=monogamous; Exp=experienced.