Table 1.

Summary of predictions generated by the major classes of reproductive skew models and empirical findings in common marmosets. (Italics indicate predictions consistent with findings in common marmosets. See text for explanations and additional details.)

	concession models	restraint models	tug-of-war models	findings in common marmosets
do subordinates attempt to breed?	sometimes (when a ‘concession’ has been made by a dominant)	usually no	yes	usually no
do dominants ‘manipulate’ (e.g. harass) non-breeding subordinates?	yes	no	yes	no
is reproductive failure associated with stress in non-breeding subordinates?	yes	no	yes	no
do dominants ‘manipulate’ successfully breeding subordinates or their infants?	no	yes (threatened eviction from group)	yes	yes (infanticide)
do breeding subordinates ‘manipulate’ dominants or their infants?	no	no	yes	yes (infanticide)