2-D PAGE of proteins extracted from A. fumigatus alone (a) and treated with AMB at 0.125 μg/ml (the MIC50) (b). Proteins (600 μg) were separated by IEF on an IPG strip (17 cm; pI range, 5 to 8) and SDS-PAGE on 12.0% Laemmli gels and stained with Coomassie blue R 250. 2-D gel images were compared to identify differential expression levels of A. fumigatus proteins on exposure to AMB, using PDQuest software. Differentially expressed proteins were then subjected to MALDI-TOF and MALDI-TOF-TOF analysis, which resulted in identification of a total of 48 proteins (marked with arrows). Forty-four proteins were observed to be upregulated, and four proteins were downregulated (b). The functions and functional categories of the differentially expressed proteins identified are given in Table 2 and Table S2 in the supplemental material. MW, molecular mass.