Table 1.
Effects of cannabinoids and drugs that interfere with the endocannabinoid system in animal models predictive of anxiolytic- or anxiogenic-like activity. (AEA: AEA; Δ9-THC: Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol; CBD: cannabidiol; EPM: elevated plus-maze; EXM: elevated X-maze; EZM: elevated zero-maze; VCT: Vogel conflict test; FC: fear conditioning; DLT: dark-light test; SI: social; NSF: novelty-suppressed feeding interaction.)
| Drug | Test | Dose (species) | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anxiolytic-like effects | Anxiogenic-like effects | |||
| Phytocannabinoids | ||||
|
| ||||
| Δ9-THC | EPM | 10–20 mg/kg (mouse) | [37] | |
| EPM | 1–10 mg/kg (rat) | [37] | ||
| DLT | 0.3 mg/kg (mouse) | 0.5 mg/kg (mouse) | [38] | |
| DLT | 0.3 mg/kg (mouse) | [39] | ||
| EPM | 1–10 mg/kg (mouse) | [40] | ||
| EPM | 0.075–0.75 mg/kg (rat) | [41] | ||
| EPM | 0.5–2.5 mg/kg (rat) | [42] | ||
| DLT | 1.25–2.5 mg/kg (rat) | [42] | ||
| EPM | 0.075–1.5; 3* mg/kg (rat) | [43] | ||
|
| ||||
| CBD | EPM | 1–10 mg/kg (mouse) | [37] | |
| EPM | 2.5–10; 20* mg/kg (rat) | [44] | ||
| EPM | 5 mg/kg (rat) | [45] | ||
| VCT | 10 mg/kg (rat) | [46] | ||
| FC | 10 mg/kg (rat) | [47] | ||
|
| ||||
| CB1 agonists | ||||
|
| ||||
| HU210 | EXM | 25 μg/kg, 10 days (rat) | [48] | |
| NSF | 100 μg/kg/day–10 days (rat) | [49] | ||
| EPM | 10 μg/kg (rat) | 50 μg/kg (rat) | [50] | |
|
| ||||
| WIN-55212 | EPM | 1–3 mg/kg (mouse) | [51] | |
| EPM | 1–3; 10* mg/kg (mouse) | [40] | ||
| EPM | 1–3 mg/kg (mouse) | 1–3 mg/kg (rat) | [52] | |
|
| ||||
| CP55940 | EPM | 75–125 μg/kg (rat) | [53] | |
| EPM | 75 μg/kg (rat) | [54] | ||
| EPM | 1 μg/kg (rat) | 50 μg/kg (rat) | [55] | |
| EPM | 2.5–5 μg/kg (rat) | 40 μg/kg (rat) | [56] | |
| SI | 40 μg/kg (rat) | [57] | ||
| EPM | 0.1–0.3 mg/kg (mouse) | [40] | ||
|
| ||||
| AEA | EPM | 10 mg/kg (mouse) | [58] | |
| DLT | 0.3 mg/kg (rat) | [59] | ||
|
| ||||
| AEA uptake inhibitor | ||||
|
| ||||
| AM404 | EPM | 5 mg/kg (rat) | [60] | |
| EPM | 1–3; 10* mg/kg (mouse) | [40] | ||
| EPM | 0.75–1.25 mg/kg (rat) | [37] | ||
|
| ||||
| AEA metabolism inhibitors | ||||
|
| ||||
| URB597 | EZM | 0.1 mg/kg (rat) | [61] | |
| EPM | 0.1–0.3 mg/kg (mouse) | [40] | ||
| EPM | 0.1 mg/kg (mouse) | [62] | ||
| DLT | 0.1–0.3 mg/kg (rat) | [55] | ||
| EPM | 1 mg/kg (mouse) | [63] | ||
|
| ||||
| AACOCF3 | DLT | 4 mg/kg (mouse) | [64] | |
|
| ||||
| CB1 antagonists | ||||
|
| ||||
| Rimonabant | EPM | 3 mg/kg (rat) | [65] | |
| EPM | 3 mg/kg (rat) | [53] | ||
| EPM | 3 mg/kg (mouse) | [66] | ||
| VCT | 0.3–3 mg/kg (rat) | [67] | ||
| EPM | 10 mg/kg (rat) | [67] | ||
| EPM | 3–10 mg/kg (mouse) | [40] | ||
|
| ||||
| AM251 | EPM | 3 mg/kg (mouse) | [51] | |
| EPM | 1.3–3 mg/kg (mouse) | [68] | ||
| EPM | 3–10 mg/kg (mouse) | [40] | ||
| EPM | 1–3 mg/kg (mouse) | [52] | ||
|
| ||||
| TRPV1 agonists | ||||
|
| ||||
| Olvanil | EPM | 5 mg/kg (rat) | [69] | |
|
| ||||
| TRPV1 antagonists | ||||
|
| ||||
| Capzasepine | EPM | 1–10 μg/kg (rat) | [69] | |
*Bell-shaped dose-response curve.