Figure 5.

The continuous lines represent traditional criteria (γ = 0). Everything falling above those lines is significant. The symbols show combinations of effect size d and number of observations n that satisfy various costs for false positives (c) and utility functions on effect size, indexed by γ. With a moderate criterion representing opportunity cost (b), this figure shows that even extremely liberal weight on effect size and leniency in costing false positives can support useful criteria. Changes in b shift the criteria vertically. The dashed lines are from Equation 3.