Structures of amino acid residue modifiers. (A) Amino group modifiers. FDNB, 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. (B) Carboxyl group modifiers. CMCD, 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl)carbodiimide metho-p-toluenesulfonate. (C) Cys/Tyr residue modifiers. DTNB, 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). (D) His residue modifiers.