Survey questions
Sociodemographics
Gender/sex	Male or female
Age	Calculated from date of birth (DOB)
Race/ethnicity	-White
What is the ethnic origin/race that you identify most with? Check only one	-Black
	-Hispanic/Latino
	-Native American
	-Asian or Pacific Islander
	-Arabic
	-Other (please specify)
Education:	-Less than high school
What is the highest level of education you completed? Check only one answer	-High school graduate
	-Technical school
	-Some college
	-Two-year college (Associate’s degree)
	-Four-year college (Bachelor’s degree)
	-Graduate school (Master’s or Doctorate)
	-Other
Health status
Functional status:	Yes or no
Are you limited in any way in any activities because of physical, mental, or emotional problems?
Diabetes medication regimen:	Yes or no
 - Are you taking diabetes pills?
 - Are you taking insulin?
Self-management behavior (SMB):
Survey of Diabetes Self-Care activities31, 32	Days per week
On how many of the last 7 days did you:
 - Take your recommended insulin dose or number of diabetes pills?
 - Follow a healthful eating plan?
 - Test your blood sugar at least as often as your doctor has recommended?
 - Check your feet?
Physical Activity: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS)	Whether meet CDC physical activity guidelines: moderate activity × 30 min at least 5 days/week OR vigorous activity × 20 min at least 3 days/week
Psychological factors
Diabetes self-efficacy: Perceived Competence for Diabetes Scale34:	Five-point agree-disagree
	Total scaled to 0–10
 - You feel confident in your ability to manage your diabetes	Higher score = higher self-efficacy
 - You feel capable of handling your diabetes now
 - You are able to do your own routine diabetes care now
 - You are able to meet the challenge of controlling your diabetes
Depressive symptoms: Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)35:	0–27
	Higher score = more depression symptoms
How often have you been bothered by each of the following symptoms during the past 2 weeks?
 - Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless?
 - Little interest or pleasure in doing things?
 - Trouble falling or staying asleep, or sleeping too much?
 - Feeling tired or having little energy?
 - Poor appetite or overeating?
 - Feeling bad about yourself - or that you are a failure or have let yourself or your family down?
 - Trouble concentrating on things, such as reading the newspaper or watching television?
 - Moving or speaking so slowly that other people noticed? Or the opposite – being so fidgety or restless that you moved around a lot more than usual?
 - Thoughts that you would be better off dead or of hurting yourself in some way?