Table 3.
Features of plant sterol intervention of randomized controlled studies of plant sterols/stanols.
| Plant sterols/stanols |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study ID | Reference | Carrier1 | Type2 | Dose g/day as free | Frequency | Time3 |
| AbuMweis et al. (2006a) | (32) | Margarine | Free sterols | 1.7 | 1 | At breakfast |
| AbuMweis et al. (2006b) | (32) | Margarine | Sterol esters | 1.7 | 1 | At breakfast |
| Algorta Pineda et al. 2005 | (34) | Yoghurt | Stanol esters | 2.0 | 1 | With the main meal |
| Alhassan et al. 2006 | (60) | Margarine | Stanol esters | NR | NR | NR |
| Andersson et al. 1999 | (13) | Margarine | Stanol esters | 1.9 | NR | NR |
| Ayesh et al. 1999 | (61) | Margarine | Sterol esters | 8.6 | 2 | Breakfast + Supper |
| Cater et al. (2005a) | (62) | Margarine | Stanol esters | 2.0 | 3 | With each meal |
| Cater et al. (2005b) | (62) | Margarine | Stanol esters | 3.0 | 3 | With each meal |
| Cater et al. (2005c) | (62) | Margarine | Stanol esters | 4.0 | 3 | With each meal |
| Cater et al. (2005d) | (62) | Margarine | Stanol esters | 3.0 | 3 | With each meal |
| Christiansen et al. (2001a) | (63) | Margarine | Free sterols | 1.5 | At least 2 | NR |
| Christiansen et al. (2001b) | (63) | Margarine | Free sterols | 3.0 | At least 2 | NR |
| Cleghorn et al. 2003 | (64) | Margarine | Sterol esters | 2.0 | NR | NR |
| Davidson et al. (2001a) | (28) | Margarine | Sterol esters | 3.0 | NR | NR |
| Davidson et al. (2001b) | (28) | Salad dressing | Sterol esters | 6.0 | NR | NR |
| Davidson et al. (2001c) | (28) | Spread + salad dressing | Sterol esters | 9.0 | NR | NR |
| De Graaf et al. 2002 | (47) | Chocolate bars | Free sterols | 1.8 | 3 | With each meal |
| Deavarj et al. 2006 | (22) | Orange juice | Free sterols | 2.0 | 2 | Breakfast + Supper |
| Devaraj et al. 2004 | (23) | Orange juice | Free sterols | 2.0 | 2 | NR |
| Doornbos et al. (2006a) | (19) | Yoghurt | Sterol esters | 3.2 | 1 | At breakfast |
| Doornbos et al. (2006b) | (19) | Yoghurt | Sterol esters | 3.2 | 1 | At lunch |
| Doornbos et al. (2006c) | (19) | Yoghurt | Sterol esters | 2.8 | 1 | At breakfast |
| Doornbos et al. (2006d) | (19) | Yoghurt | Sterol esters | 2.8 | 1 | At lunch |
| Gylling et al. 1994 | (65) | Margarine | Stanol esters | 3.0 | 3 | At breakfast + lunch + supper |
| Gylling et al. 1999 | (66) | Dairy spread | Stanol esters | 2.5 | NR | NR |
| Hallikainen et al. (1999a) | (10) | Margarine | Stanol esters | 2.2 | NR | NR |
| Hallikainen et al. (1999b) | (10) | Margarine | Stanol esters | 2.3 | NR | NR |
| Hallikainen et al. (2000a) | (67) | Margarine | Sterol esters | 2.1 | 2 to 3 | NR |
| Hallikainen et al. (2000b) | (67) | Margarine | Stanol esters | 2.0 | 2 to 3 | NR |
| Hendriks et al. (1999a) | (12) | Margarine | Sterol esters | 0.8 | 2 | At lunch and supper |
| Hendriks et al. (1999b) | (12) | Margarine | Sterol esters | 1.6 | 2 | At lunch and supper |
| Hendriks et al. (1999c) | (12) | Margarine | Sterol esters | 3.2 | 2 | At lunch and supper |
| Hendriks et al. 2003 | (68) | Margarine | Sterol esters | 1.6 | 2 | At breakfast + lunch or supper |
| Hyun et al. 2005 | (18) | Yoghurt | Stanol esters | 2.0 | 1 | At breakfast |
| Jakulj et al. 2005 | (69) | Margarine | Sterol esters | 2.0 | NR | NR |
| Jones et al. 1999 | (54) | Margarine | Free sterols | 1.7 | 3 | At breakfast + lunch + supper |
| Jones et al. (2000a) | (50) | Margarine | Sterol esters | 1.8 | 3 | At breakfast + lunch + supper |
| Jones et al. (2000b) | (50) | Margarine | Stanol esters | 1.8 | 3 | At breakfast + lunch + supper |
| Jones et al. (2003a) | (27) | Beverage | Free sterols | 1.8 | 3 | At breakfast + lunch + supper |
| Jones et al. (2003b) | (27) | Beverage | Free sterols | 1.8 | 3 | At breakfast + lunch + supper |
| Judd et al. (2002) | (70) | Salad dressing | Sterol esters | 2.2 | 2 | At lunch and supper |
| Jauhianen et al. 2006 | (49) | Soft cheese | Stanol esters | 2 | 1 or 2 | At lunch or with the main meal |
| Lau et al. (2005a) | (71) | Margarine | Free sterols | 1.8 | 1 | At breakfast |
| Lau et al. (2005b) | (71) | Margarine | Free stanols | 1.8 | 1 | At breakfast |
| Lee et al. 2003 | (72) | Margarine | Sterol esters | 1.6 | 2 | Breakfast + supper |
| Lottenberg et al. 2003 | (73) | Margarine | Sterol esters | 1.7 | 3 | At breakfast + lunch + supper |
| Maki et al. (2001a) | (37) | Margarine | Sterol esters | 1.1 | 2 | NR |
| Maki et al. (2001b) | (37) | Margarine | Sterol esters | 2.2 | 2 | NR |
| Matvienko et al. 2002 | (33) | Meat | Sterol esters | 2.7 | 1 | At lunch |
| Mensink et al. 2002 | (20) | Yoghurt | Stanol esters | 3.0 | 2 or 3 | With each meal or breakfast + supper |
| Miettinen and Vanhanen (1994a) | (45) | Mayonnaise | Free sterols | 0.7 | NR | NR |
| Miettinen and Vanhanen (1994b) | (45) | Mayonnaise | Free stanols | 0.7 | NR | NR |
| Miettinen and Vanhanen (1994c) | (45) | Mayonnaise | Stanol esters | 0.8 | NR | NR |
| Mussner et al. 2002 | (35) | Margarine | Sterol esters | 1.8 | 2 | Breakfast + supper |
| Naumann et al. (2003a) | (36) | Margarine | Mixture of sterol and stanol esters | 2.0 | NR | NR |
| Naumann et al. (2003b) | (36) | Margarine | Mixture of sterol and stanol esters | 2.0 | NR | NR |
| Neil et al. 2001 | (74) | Margarine | Sterol esters | 2.5 | NR | NR |
| Nguyen et al. (1999a) | (75) | Margarine | Stanol esters | 3.0 | 3 | NR |
| Nguyen et al. (1999b) | (75) | Margarine | Stanol esters | 3.0 | 3 | NR |
| Nguyen et al. (1999c) | (75) | Margarine | Stanol esters | 2.0 | 3 | NR |
| Nigon et al. 2001 | (76) | Margarine | Sterol esters | 1.6 | 3 | At breakfast + lunch + supper |
| Noakes et al. (2002a) | (77) | Margarine | Sterol esters | 2.3 | 3 | At breakfast + lunch + supper |
| Noakes et al. (2002b) | (77) | Margarine | Stanol esters | 2.5 | 3 | At breakfast + lunch + supper |
| Noakes et al. (2002c) | (77) | Margarine | Sterol esters | 2.0 | 3 | At breakfast + lunch + supper |
| Noakes et al. (2005a) | (16) | Yoghurt | Sterol esters | 1.8 | 2 | NR |
| Noakes et al. (2005b) | (16) | Yoghurt | Stanol esters | 1.7 | 2 | NR |
| Ntanios et al. 2002 | (38) | Margarine | Sterol esters | 1.8 | 2 | At breakfast + lunch or supper |
| Plat and Mensink et al. (2000a) | (78) | Margarine | Stanol esters | 3.8 | 3 | At breakfast + lunch + supper |
| Plat and Mensink et al. (2000b) | (78) | Margarine | Stanol esters | 4.0 | 3 | At breakfast + lunch + supper |
| Plat et al. (2000a) | (31) | Margarine | Stanol esters | 2.5 | 1 | At lunch |
| Plat et al. (2000b) | (31) | Margarine + shortening in cakes and cookies | Stanol esters | 2.5 | 3 | At breakfast + lunch + supper |
| Polagruto et al. 2006 | (48) | Chocolate bars | Sterol esters | 1.5 | 2 | Between meals |
| Quilez et al. 2003 | (21) | Croissants and muffins | Sterol esters | 3.2 | 2 | NR |
| Saito et al. (2006a) | (79) | Mayonnaise | Sterol esters | 0.3 | 1 | NR |
| Saito et al. (2006b) | (79) | Mayonnaise | Sterol esters | 0.4 | 1 | NR |
| Saito et al. (2006c) | (79) | Mayonnaise | Sterol esters | 0.5 | 1 | NR |
| Seki et al. 2003 | (43) | Vegetable oil | Sterol esters | 0.5 | 3 | NR |
| Sierksma et al. 1999 | (80) | Margarine | Free sterols | 0.8 | NR | NR |
| Simons et al. 2002 | (42) | Margarine | Sterol esters | 2.0 | 2 | NR |
| Spilburg et al. 2003 | (26) | Beverage | Stanol lecithin | 1.9 | 3 | At breakfast + lunch + supper |
| Temme et al. 2002 | (81) | Margarine | Sterol esters | 2.0 | 3 | At breakfast + lunch + supper |
| Thomsen et al. (2004a) | (15) | Milk | Free sterols | 1.2 | 2 | At breakfast + lunch |
| Thomsen et al. (2004b) | (15) | Milk | Free sterols | 1.6 | 2 | At breakfast + lunch |
| Vanhanen et al. 1993 | (82) | Mayonnaise | Stanol esters | 3.4 | NR | NR |
| Vanhanen et al. 1994 | (83) | Mayonnaise | Stanol esters | 1.5 | NR | NR |
| Vanstone et al. (2002a) | (51) | Dairy spread | Free sterols | 1.8 | 3 | At breakfast + lunch + supper |
| Vanstone et al. (2002b) | (51) | Dairy spread | Free stanols | 1.8 | 3 | At breakfast + lunch + supper |
| Vanstone et al. (2002c) | (51) | Dairy spread | Mixture of free sterols and stanols | 1.8 | 3 | At breakfast + lunch + supper |
| Vissers et al. 2000 | (84) | Margarine | Free sterols | 2.1 | NR | NR |
| Volpe et al. 2001 | (17) | Yoghurt | Free sterols | 1.0 | 1 | NR |
| Weststrate et al. (1998a) | (8) | Margarine | Sterol esters | 3.2 | 2 | At lunch and supper |
| Weststrate et al. (1998b) | (8) | Margarine | Stanol esters | 2.7 | 2 | At lunch and supper |
| Yoshida et al. (2006a) | (24) | Cereals bars | Free sterols | 1.8 | 3 | Between meals |
| Yoshida et al. (2006b) | (24) | Cereals bars | Free sterols | 1.8 | 3 | Between meals |
NR = not reported.
1Food carrier to which plant sterols/stanols were added.
2Type of plant sterols/ stanols.
3Time of consumption of plant sterol/stanol enriched products.