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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2008 Dec 5.

Published in final edited form as: JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2008;32(4):460–473. doi: 10.1177/0148607108319795

Figure 18a. The interaction between cytokines and gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) function is shown. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) stimulate IgA production with release of IgA into the lumen while inhibiting intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression on endothelial cells of the vasculature. Interferon gamma (IFN_γ) counteracts IL-4 to inhibit IgA production and augment ICAM-1expression.

Figure 18b: Intravenous parenteral nutrition (IV-PN) reduces IL-4 and IL-10 leading to an increase in ICAM-1 expression and lower IgA. (Figures 18 a and b reproduced with permission of Kudsk et al. Am J Surg. 2003;185(1)16–21 and The American Journal of Surgery)

Figure 18a. The interaction between cytokines and gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) function is shown. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) stimulate IgA production with release of IgA into the lumen while inhibiting intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression on endothelial cells of the vasculature. Interferon gamma (IFN_γ) counteracts IL-4 to inhibit IgA production and augment ICAM-1expression.

Figure 18b: Intravenous parenteral nutrition (IV-PN) reduces IL-4 and IL-10 leading to an increase in ICAM-1 expression and lower IgA. (Figures 18 a and b reproduced with permission of Kudsk et al. Am J Surg. 2003;185(1)16–21 and The American Journal of Surgery)