Table 1.

Characteristics of observational studies on intake of ruminant and industrial trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease

				TFA intake (g/day)		Relative risk of CHD
Study name (reference)	No. of subjects	No. of cases	Definition of end points	Industrial	Ruminant	Industrial	Ruminant
Prospective cohort studies
Nurses’ Health Study (13)	85,095 W	431	Non-fatal MI or coronary death	1.44–3.42	0.96–2.28	1.78 (p=0.009)*	0.59 (p=0.23)*
ATBC Study (14)	21,930 M	635	Coronary death	0.1–5.1	0.6–2.5	1.23 (p=0.004)*	0.83 (p=0.0035)*
Zutphen Cohort Study (15)	667 M	98	Fatal and non-fatal MI	5.0	1.7	1.05	1.17
Danish ruminant trans fatty acid study (16)	1,866 M	253	Fatal and non-fatal MI	–	0.6–4.1	–	1.00 (0.91–1.07)
	1,911 W	121	Fatal and non-fatal MI	–	0.5–3.1	–	0.84 (0.70–1.01)
Case-control studies
Ascherio et al. (17)	407 M; 114 W	239	MI	0.84–5.04	0.45–1.79	1.94 (p=0.0001)*	1.02 (p=0.57)*

Adapted from Weggemans et al. (19).

MI = myocardial infarction, CHD = coronary heart disease, W = women. M = men.

*p for trend.