Table 5. Descriptive Statistics for Primary and Secondary Outcomes.
| Outcome Measure | Group | Baseline
High fear |
Low fear | 4-weeks* High Fear |
Low Fear | 6-months* High Fear |
Low Fear |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ODQ
(0 – 100) |
TBC | 32.9 (16.1) | 23.0 (15.5) | 16.4 (14.9) | 12.0 (11.5) | 11.4 (11.5) | 5.8 (7.1) |
| GA | 29.9 (18.4) | 30.4 (13.3) | 11.5 (11.8) | 16.7 (11.9) | 11.3 (14.2) | 15.8 (11.1) | |
| GX | 32.3 (16.3) | 20.4 (13.1) | 16.5 (12.1) | 11.4 (11.6) | 16.7 (17.6) | 9.7 (8.2) | |
|
| |||||||
| NRS
(0 – 10) |
TBC | 5.1 (1.8) | 3.1 (2.1) | 2.0 (1.6) | 1.8 (1.9) | 1.6 (1.3) | 1.0 (1.2) |
| GA | 5.1 (1.9) | 4.9 (2.1) | 2.3 (2.1) | 2.1 (2.1) | 1.5 (2.1) | 2.3 (1.7) | |
| GX | 5.1 (2.1) | 3.9 (1.5) | 2.1 (2.0) | 1.7 (.9) | 2.1 (2.3) | 1.0 (1.0) | |
|
| |||||||
| FABQ#
(0 – 24) |
TBC | 17.8 (2.6) | 9.2 (3.9) | 13.4 (4.8) | 6.9 (4.1) | 10.8 (6.0) | 6.5 (4.0) |
| GA | 17.4 (3.3) | 10.7 (4.3) | 10.5 (6.6) | 9.4 (5.3) | 12.3 (4.4) | 12.4 (4.7) | |
| GX | 18.8 (3.3) | 7.3 (3.9) | 11.0 (6.0) | 5.1 (3.5) | 9.8 (5.8) | 4.2 (3.5) | |
|
| |||||||
| PCS^
(0 – 52) |
TBC | 14.4 (9.6) | 10.6 (9.8) | 11.4 (8.5) | 11.9 (9.7) | 11.7 (11.2) | 11.3 (7.7) |
| GA | 15.6 (11.8) | 15.8 (11.3) | 8.7 (7.1) | 10.7 (8.5) | 10.4 (9.5) | 10.0 (5.2) | |
| GX | 23.7 (9.9) | 10.6 (10.4) | 19.4 (8.2) | 4.4 (5.4) | 18.2 (14.9) | 6.0 (10.9) | |
|
| |||||||
| PIS
(0 – 7) |
TBC | 3.6 (1.7) | 2.1 (1.8) | 1.3 (1.1) | .92 (1.3) | ||
| GA | 3.5 (2.2) | 3.5 (1.9) | 1.1 (1.6) | 1.7 (1.4) | |||
| GX | 3.4 (1.9) | 2.8 (1.8) | 1.2 (1.3) | .86 (1.1) | |||
All values reported as mean (standard deviation) for completers of trial only
ODQ – Oswestry Disability Questionnaire, NRS – Numerical Rating Scale for pain intensity, FABQ – Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (physical activity scale), PCS – Pain Catastrophizing Scale, and PIS – Physical Impairment Scale
*
- Statistically significant main effects for time for all outcome measures (p < 0.05)
#
- Statistically significant treatment group × time interaction at 6-months (p < 0.05)
^
- Statistically significant main effect for group at all times (p < 0.05)