Table 2.

Therapeutic plasma concentrations of hypo- and hyperuricaemic drugs and transporters regulating their renal proximal tubular handling

Drugs	Cmax (μM)	Protein binding (%)	Transporter
Furosemide	0.8 (Bard et al., 2004)	96–98 (Prandota and Pruitt, 1975)	OAT3a (Hasannejad et al., 2004)
			MRP4b (Hasegawa et al., 2007)
Bumetanide	0.04 (Bard et al., 2004)	95 (Pentikainen et al., 1985)	OAT3a (Hasannejad et al., 2004)
			OAT4b (Hasannejad et al., 2004)
Torasemide	0.5 (Bard et al., 2004)	99 (Knauf and Mutschler, 1998)	OAT4b (Vormfelde et al., 2006)
Chlorothiazide	0.3 (Welling and Barbhaiya, 1982)	70 (Shah et al., 1984)	OAT1a (Hasannejad et al., 2004)
Hydrochlorothiazide	0.1 (Weir et al., 1998)	40–60 (Friedman, 1988)	OAT1a (Hasannejad et al., 2004)
			MRP4b (Hasegawa et al., 2007)
Salicylate	351 (Keystone et al., 1982)	58 (Dollery, 1991b)	OAT1a (Apiwattanakul et al., 1999), 2a and 3a (Khamdang et al., 2002)
			OAT4b (Khamdang et al., 2002), URAT1b (Anzai et al., 2007)
Sulfinpyrazone	7 (Dieterle et al., 1975)	98–99 (Perel et al., 1964)	—
Benzbromarone	0.8 (Ferber et al., 1981)	99 (Walter-Sack et al., 1988)	—
Probenecid	42 (Selen et al., 1982)	90 (Dayton et al., 1963)	—
Allopurinol	9 (Turnheim et al., 1999)	<5 (Dollery, 1991a)	OAT2a (Kobayashi et al., 2005)
Oxypurinol	25 (Turnheim et al., 1999)	17 (Dollery, 1991a)	URAT1b (Iwanaga et al., 2005)

Clinically relevant maximum steady-state drug plasma concentrations (C_max) and the ^abasolateral and ^bapical proximal tubular membrane transporters known to be involved in their renal handling.