Table 2.
Characteristics of the 4,971 MESA participants included in the analysis by quintile of cystatin C.
| Characteristic | Cystatin C Quintile (mg/L) | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤ 0.74 | 0.75-0.82 | 0.83-0.90 | 0.91-1.02 | ≥1.03 | ||
| N | 1125 | 1075 | 963 | 948 | 860 | |
| Age (years) | 56 (9) | 59 (9) | 62 (9) | 64 (9) | 69 (9) | <0.001 |
| Male | 404 (36) | 512 (48) | 491 (51) | 514 (54) | 450 (52) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | <0.001 | |||||
| White | 376 (33) | 368 (34) | 407 (42) | 410 (43) | 384 (45) | |
| Chinese | 207 (18) | 144 (13) | 103 (11) | 112 (12) | 86 (10) | |
| African American | 318 (28) | 306 (29) | 229 (24) | 204 (22) | 219 (26) | |
| Hispanic | 224 (20) | 257 (24) | 224 (23) | 222 (23) | 171 (20) | |
| BMI† (kg/m2) | 26.6 (4.8) | 27.4 (4.6) | 27.9 (4.9) | 28.2 (5.0) | 29.0 (5.2) | <0.001 |
| Ever Smoked | 491 (44) | 517 (48) | 468 (49) | 483 (51) | 445 (52%) | 0.002 |
| Current Smoking | 118 (11) | 137 (13) | 128 (13) | 125 (13) | 123 (14) | 0.02 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 121 (20) | 123 (20) | 126 (20) | 127 (21) | 132 (24) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 71 (11) | 72 (10) | 72 (10) | 72 (10) | 71 (11) | 0.8 |
| Taking antihypertensive medications | 268 (24) | 291 (27) | 342 (36) | 371 (39) | 483 (56) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension‡ | 350 (31) | 365 (34) | 408 (42) | 447 (47) | 539 (63) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes§ | 147 (13) | 124 (12) | 99 (10) | 99 (10) | 171 (20) | 0.001 |
| Microalbuminuria ∥ | 70 (6) | 54 (5) | 53 (6) | 64 (7) | 126 (15) | <0.001 |
| Taking ACE inhibitor | 89 (8) | 83 (8) | 93 (10) | 112 (12) | 164 (19) | <0.001 |
| Taking angiotensin II receptor blocker | 19 (2) | 28 (3) | 26 (3) | 32 (3) | 56 (7) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL)** | 0.83 (0.15) | 0.90 (0.15) | 0.94 (0.17) | 0.98 (0.17) | 1.17 (0.56) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (creatinine; ml/min/1.73m2)†† | 92 (16) | 86 (15) | 80 (14) | 77 (13) | 65 (16) | <0.001 |
| 15-29 ml/min/1.73m2 [n, (%)] | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 14 (2) | |
| 30-59 | 8 (1) | 15 (1) | 33 (3) | 68 (7) | 292 (34) | |
| ≥60 | 1117 (99) | 1160 (99) | 927 (97) | 880 (93) | 552 (64) | |
| eGFRcysC (cystatin C;ml/min/1.73m2)‡‡ | 124 (51) | 102 (3) | 91 (3) | 81 (3) | 64 (10) | <0.001 |
| 15-29 ml/min/1.73m2 [n, (%)] | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 12 (1) | <0.001 |
| 30-59 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 192 (22) | |
| ≥60 | 1125 (100) | 1075 (100) | 963 (100) | 948 (100) | 656 (76) | |
Note: Data are means (standard deviations) or number (%).
P values are from an ANOVA test for trend or chi squared test for trend.
BMI = body mass index
Hypertension was defined as either systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or greater, or treatment with antihypertensive medications for blood pressure control.
Diabetes was defined as fasting glucose >= 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/l), taking insulin, or oral diabetes medication.
Microalbuminuria was defined as spot urine measurement, albumin(mg) / creatinine (g) ≥ 30 mg/g
ACE inhibitor = Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor
to convert to micromoles per liter, multiply by 88.4
eGFR = estimated GFR using the creatinine-based Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation.(31) Five participants lack serum creatinine measurements, and so no eGFR was available for these participants.
eGFR = estimated GFR using the cystatin C-based equation eGFR = 76.7 × cystatin C−1.18 [reference: Stevens et al. (26)]