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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Cell Biochem. 2008 Dec 1;105(5):1153–1160. doi: 10.1002/jcb.21916

Fig. 2. Patient-specific stem cells for pathological/screening studies and for autologous cell therapy.

Fig. 2

iPS cells may be established by forced expression of pluripotent transcription factors including Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog. iPS cells produced in this manner exhibit nearly identical phenotypes as ESCs and can be differentiated to neural precursors and mature neurons and glia in the same way as ESCs. iPS cells generated from PD patients may be used for studying cellular and molecular processes underlying DA neuron degeneration, gene therapy (for genetic mutation), and for generating DA neurons for autologous cell therapy.