. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2008 Dec 8.

Published in final edited form as: Nat Protoc. 2008;3(9):1422–1434. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2008.138

TABLE 1.

Hemodynamic parameters and indices of systolic and diastolic function derived from PV relations in mice and rats.

	Mouse¹	Mouse²			Rat²	Rat²
Anesthesia used	Urethane + etomidate + morphine	Isoflurane	Ketamine + xylazine	Pentobarbital sodium	Isoflurane	PB
Parameter
BW (g)	20–30	20–34	20–34	20–34	250–500	300–450
HR (min⁻¹)	490–655	470–620	340–510	365–550	370–420	350–440
MAP (mm Hg)		81–105	93–109	72–90	100–124	93–120
ESP (mm Hg)	80–120	92–118	104–125	90–110	119–146	113–142
EDP (mm Hg)	2–8	1–6	1–9	2–8	0.5–8	1–7
ESV (μl)	2–12	7–21	9–20	10–29	21–141	36–160
EDV (μl)	20–33	25–53	25–39	28–54	161–303	170–266
SV (μl)	14–26	17–30	14–21	17–25	103–191	101–154
CO (ml min⁻¹)	7–16	8–16	6–10	6–13	49–70	42–62
CI (ml min⁻¹ × kg)	280–557	350–580	225–400	226–480	114–227	110–172
Ea (mm Hg μl⁻¹)	4–6	3–7	5–9	4–6	0.5–1.1	0.5–1.1
TPR (mm Hg μl⁻¹ × min)	—	6–12	10–19	7–14	1.5–2.5	1.9–2.5

Systolic indices
EF (%)	50–88	55–72	49–63	44–62	49–89	42–87
dP/dt_max (mm Hg s⁻¹)	9,500–16,000	8,200–14,200	7,700–14,480	6,900–11,000	8,900–13,100	7,600–11,500
SW (mm Hg × ml)	1,200–2,700	1,500–2,600	1,600–2,200	1,100–2,100	13,500–22,900	12,800–21,000
E_es(E_max)(mm Hg μl⁻¹)	6–14	7–14	−	6–9	2–7	1–4
dP/dt_max−EDV (mm Hg s⁻¹ ml⁻¹)	360–600	180–470	—	160–390	40–120	28–90
PRSW (mm Hg)	70–130	58–93	—	51–86	50–170	50–140
Efficiency (%)	70–85	60–75	—	55–68	60–90	50–80

Diastolic indices
−dP/dt_min (mm Hg s⁻¹)	6,000–12,000	6,700–10,500	6,900–10,400	5,400–9,500	5,900–11,900	5,970–9,970
Tau (W) (ms)	—	4.4–7.6	4.8–8.5	4.9–10	7–9.6	7–9.9
Tau (G) (ms)	7–9	7–12	8–13	7–15	10–13	10–13
EDPVR	—	0.04–0.12	—	0.06–0.2	0.01–0.04	0.01–0.04

BW, body weight; CI, cardiac index, CO/BW; CO, cardiac output; dP/dt−EDV, dP/dt_max−end diastolic volume relation; dP/dt_max, peak rate of pressure rise; −dP/dt_min, peak rate of pressure decline; Ea, arterial elastance (measure of ventricular afterload); EDP, end-diastolic pressure; EDPVR slope, end-diastolic PV relation slope; EDV, end-diastolic volume; E_es/max, end-systolic elastance (slope of the end-systolic relationship); EF, ejection fraction; Efficiency (SW/PV area); ESP, end-systolic pressure; ESV, end-systolic volume; HR, heart rate; MAP, mean arterial pressure; PRSW, preload recruited stroke work (slope of stroke work−EDV relationship); SV, stroke volume; SW, stroke work; Tau (G), relaxation time constant calculated by Glantz method (regression of dP/dt versus pressure); Tau (W), relaxation time constant calculated by Weiss method (regression of log(pressure)); TPR, total peripheral resistance, MAP/CO. The given wide ranges of variables were derived from various control mouse and rat strains and represent large number of experiments over the past 5 years.

Values were calculated with correction based on aortic flow measurements and saline calibrations as described from PV loops obtained with open-chest approach⁶-¹⁰.

Values were calculated with PVAN3.3–3.5 (Millar Instruments) on the basis of internal RVU calibrations of the system followed by corrections of cuvette and saline calibrations¹¹,¹³-²⁰ from PV loops obtained with closed-chest approach. For additional useful indices, see also ref. 8.