TABLE 2.
Demographics and Clinical Characteristics in Participants with Low BMD
| Total No. | Low BMD* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | (%) | p | OR** | (95% CI) | ||
| Sex | 0.06 | |||||
| Female | 43 | 7 | (16.3) | Ref | ||
| Male | 31 | 11 | (35.5) | 2.83 | (0.95–8.45) | |
| Age group at interview | 0.53 † | |||||
| 19–29 | 39 | 8 | (20.5) | Ref | ||
| 30–39 | 27 | 7 | (25.9) | 1.36 | (0.43–4.33) | |
| 40–45 | 8 | 3 | (37.5) | 2.33 | (0.46–11.85) | |
| Year diagnosed | 0.60 | |||||
| 1970–1979 | 33 | 9 | (27.3) | 1.33 | (0.46–3.87) | |
| 1980–1986 | 41 | 9 | (22.0) | Ref | ||
| Cranial radiation treatment | 0.24 | |||||
| None | 25 | 5 | (20.0) | Ref | ||
| <24 Gy | 24 | 4 | (16.7) | 0.80 | (0.19–3.42) | |
| 24+ Gy | 25 | 9 | (36.0) | 2.25 | (0.63–8.06) | |
| Cranial radiation treatment | 0.09 | |||||
| 0–23 Gy | 49 | 9 | (18.4) | Ref | ||
| 24+ Gy | 25 | 9 | (36.0) | 2.50 | (0.84–7.44) | |
| Current smoker | 0.17 † | |||||
| No | 59 | 12 | (20.3) | Ref | ||
| Yes | 15 | 6 | (40.0) | 2.61 | (0.78–8.77) | |
| Oral contraceptives (female) | 0.39 † | |||||
| No | 27 | 3 | (11.1) | Ref | ||
| Yes | 16 | 4 | (25.0) | 2.67 | (0.51–13.88) | |
| Height Z-score†† | <0.01 | |||||
| Z-score ≤ −1 | 27 | 13 | (48.1) | 7.80 | (2.36–25.79) | |
| Z-score > −1 | 47 | 5 | (10.6) | Ref | ||
| Height Z-score†† | 0.03 † | |||||
| Z-score ≤ −2.25 | 6 | 4 | (66.7) | 7.71 | (1.28–46.50) | |
| Z-score > −2.25 | 68 | 14 | (20.6) | Ref | ||
| Body mass index | 0.74 † | |||||
| Normal (<25 kg/m2) | 34 | 9 | (26.5) | Ref | ||
| Overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2) | 18 | 3 | (16.7) | 0.56 | (0.13 – 2.38) | |
| Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | 22 | 6 | (27.3) | 1.04 | (0.31 – 3.49) | |
| Peak growth hormone | 0.47 † | |||||
| Normal (>16.5 μg/L) | 26 | 4 | (15.4) | Ref | ||
| Insufficient (9–16.5 μg/L) | 13 | 4 | (30.8) | 2.44 | (0.50–11.97) | |
| Deficient (<9 μg/L) | 32 | 9 | (28.1) | 2.15 | (0.58–8.02) | |
| Peak growth hormone‡ | 0.20 | |||||
| Normal (>16.5 μg/L) | 26 | 4 | (15.4) | Ref | ||
| Low (≤16.5 μg/L) | 45 | 13 | (28.9) | 2.23 | (0.64–7.76) | |
| IGF-I: ARUP reference range | 0.17 † | |||||
| Normal | 65 | 15 | (23.1) | Ref | ||
| Low | 6 | 3 | (50.0) | 3.33 | (0.61–18.27) | |
| IGF-I: Esoterix reference range | 0.01 | |||||
| Normal | 47 | 7 | (14.9) | Ref | ||
| Low | 24 | 11 | (45.8) | 4.84 | (1.55–15.05) | |
OR indicates odds ratio; Gy, grays; IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor 1
*
Low bone mineral density defined as a Z-score ≤ −1
**
Relative odds of having low BMD
†
Fisher’s exact test
††
Calculated with age- and sex-specific NHANES norms for non-Hispanic whites