Table 2 Smoking in relation to mortality* within the Zutphen Study, according to updated covariates at each measurement round.
| Smoking state | Overall smoking | Cigarette smoking | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI)† | Crude HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI)† | ||
| All cause | Recent ex‐smoker‡ | 1.57 (1.31 to 1.89) | 1.47 (1.21 to 1.77) | 1.51 (1.28 to 1.78) | 1.39 (1.17 to 1.65) |
| Current smoker | 1.78 (1.53 to 2.08) | 1.69 (1.44 to 1.99) | 1.70 (1.48 to 1.96) | 1.60 (1.38 to 1.86) | |
| Total cardiovascular | Recent ex‐smoker | 1.40 (1.09 to 1.80) | 1.51 (1.15 to 1.99)§ | 1.41 (1.12 to 1.76) | 1.38 (1.09 to 1.74) |
| Current smoker | 1.55 (1.26 to 1.91) | 1.78 (1.41 to 2.24)§ | 1.56 (1.29 to 1.89) | 1.66 (1.35 to 2.03) | |
| Coronary heart disease | Recent ex‐smoker | 1.37 (0.96 to 1.95) | 1.27 (0.89 to 1.83) | 1.42 (1.04 to 1.95) | 1.33 (0.96 to 1.85) |
| Current smoker | 1.35 (1.01 to 1.82) | 1.54 (1.13 to 2.10) | 1.41 (1.07 to 1.86) | 1.59 (1.18 to 2.13) | |
| Total cancer | Recent ex‐smoker | 1.74 (1.24 to 2.44) | 1.28 (0.91 to 1.82) | 1.54 (1.15 to 2.08) | 1.15 (0.84 to 1.57) |
| Current smoker | 1.93 (1.45 to 2.57) | 1.51 (1.11 to 2.05) | 1.81 (1.40 to 2.33) | 1.40 (1.07 to 1.83) | |
| Lung cancer | Recent ex‐smoker | 2.80 (1.44 to 5.44) | 2.00 (1.02 to 3.92) | 2.29 (1.35 to 3.88) | 1.72 (1.00 to 2.95) |
| Current smoker | 3.86 (2.17 to 6.87) | 2.93 (1.60 to 5.35) | 3.25 (2.08 to 5.08) | 2.34 (1.47 to 3.75) | |
| COPD | Recent ex‐smoker | 2.15 (1.21 to 3.85) | 2.29 (1.27 to 4.13) | 2.96 (1.78 to 4.92) | 2.98 (1.78 to 5.01) |
| Current smoker | 2.43 (1.48 to 4.00) | 2.23 (1.32 to 3.76) | 3.30 (2.09 to 5.21) | 2.90 (1.80 to 4.68) | |
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
*Because of missing data, the number of events may be smaller than the number mentioned in table 1.
†Hazard ratio adjusted for energy intake, alcohol use, body mass index, baseline socioeconomic status, prevalence of myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes mellitus and cancer; cigarette smoking is additionally adjusted for cigar or pipe smoking.
‡Recent ex‐smokers are defined as men who stopped smoking <10 years ago.
§Hazard ratios were calculated using mean survival age (76 years).