Table 1 Baseline characteristics of 54 214 clients in Elderly Health Centres in Hong Kong by sex and smoking status.
| Men | Women | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Never smoker, n (%) | Former smoker, n (%) | Current smoker, n (%) | χ2 p Value | Never smoker, n (%) | Former smoker, n (%) | Current smoker, n (%) | χ2 p Value |
| Sex | 7072 (38.9) | 7455 (41.0) | 3635 (20.0) | 31767 (88.1) | 2853 (7.9) | 1432 (4.0) | ||
| Age (years) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 65–69 | 3043 (43.0) | 2520 (33.8) | 1497 (41.2) | 13127 (41.3) | 681 (23.9) | 463 (32.3) | ||
| 70–74 | 2156 (30.5) | 2487 (33.4) | 1218 (33.5) | 9595 (30.2) | 845 (29.6) | 479 (33.4) | ||
| 75–79 | 1164 (16.5) | 1561 (20.9) | 626 (17.2) | 5615 (17.7) | 726 (25.4) | 310 (21.6) | ||
| ⩾80 | 709 (10.0) | 887 (11.9) | 294 (8.1) | 3430 (10.8) | 601 (21.1) | 180 (12.6) | ||
| Education | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Secondary or above | 2686 (38.0) | 1998 (26.8) | 809 (22.3) | 3239 (10.2) | 156 (5.5) | 92 (6.4) | ||
| Primary | 3377 (47.8) | 4053 (54.4) | 1988 (54.7) | 9358 (29.5) | 786 (27.5) | 370 (25.8) | ||
| No formal education but can read and write | 565 (8.0) | 840 (11.3) | 470 (12.9) | 6301 (19.8) | 657 (23) | 304 (21.2) | ||
| Illiterate | 444 (6.3) | 564 (7.6) | 389 (10.2) | 12869 (40.5) | 1254 (44) | 666 (46.5) | ||
| Ever alcoholic | 2175 (30.8) | 4667 (62.6) | 2119 (58.3) | <0.001 | 3747 (11.8) | 1038 (36.4) | 420 (29.3) | <0.001 |
| Regular exercise | 6064 (85.8) | 6344 (85.1) | 2696 (74.2) | <0.001 | 27346 (86.1) | 2427 (85.1) | 1066 (74.4) | <0.001 |
| Active chronic diseases | ||||||||
| Hypertension | 2655 (37.5) | 2683 (36.0) | 920 (25.3) | <0.001 | 11995 (37.6) | 1050 (36.8) | 347 (24.2) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 928 (13.1) | 966 (13.0) | 341 (9.4) | <0.001 | 4078 (12.8) | 367 (12.9) | 127 (8.9) | <0.001 |
| Heart disease | 810 (11.5) | 1045 (14.0) | 299 (8.2) | <0.001 | 4156 (13.1) | 442 (15.5) | 150 (10.5) | <0.001 |
| COPD/asthma | 272 (3.8) | 842 (11.3) | 370 (10.2) | <0.001 | 1147 (3.6) | 362 (12.7) | 134 (9.4) | <0.001 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia | 892 (12.6) | 925 (12.4) | 313 (8.6) | <0.001 | 5763 (18.1) | 520 (18.2) | 162 (11.3) | <0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 243 (3.4) | 364 (4.9) | 116 (3.2) | <0.001 | 866 (2.7) | 88 (3.1) | 38 (2.7) | 0.520 |
| Medication taken regularly | 3776 (53.4) | 4287 (57.5) | 1529 (42.1) | <0.001 | 17228 (54.2) | 1676 (58.7) | 613 (42.8) | <0.001 |
| Any admission to hospital in the last year | 895 (12.7) | 1240 (16.6) | 451 (12.4) | <0.001 | 3965 (12.5) | 482 (16.9) | 156 (10.9) | <0.001 |
| Unintentional weight loss ⩾10 lb during the past 6 months | 170 (2.4) | 246 (3.3) | 120 (3.3) | 0.001 | 747 (2.4) | 110 (3.9) | 51 (3.6) | <0.001 |
| Monthly personal expenditure (US$1 = HK$7.814) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| <HK$1000 (£65, €96) | 834 (11.8) | 972 (13.0) | 378 (10.4) | 5357 (16.9) | 509 (17.8) | 282 (19.7) | ||
| HK$1000–1999 (£65–130, €96–192) | 2549 (36.0) | 2778 (37.3) | 1288 (35.4) | 12648 (39.8) | 1026 (36.0) | 505 (35.3) | ||
| HK$⩾2000 (£130, €192) | 3689 (52.2) | 3705 (49.7) | 1969 (54.2) | 13759 (43.3) | 1318 (46.2) | 645 (45.0) | ||
| Regular contact with relatives | 6869 (97.1) | 7204 (96.6) | 3466 (95.4) | <0.001 | 30979 (97.5) | 2726 (95.5) | 1379 (96.3) | <0.001 |
| BMI category (kg/m2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| <18.5 (underweight) | 325 (4.6) | 391 (5.3) | 345 (9.5) | 1438 (4.5) | 240 (8.4) | 222 (15.5) | ||
| 18.5–22.9 (normal weight) | 2178 (30.9) | 2371 (31.9) | 1526 (42.0) | 9635 (30.4) | 904 (31.8) | 529 (36.9) | ||
| 23.0–24.9 (at risk of obesity) | 1782 (25.2) | 1819 (24.5) | 733 (20.2) | 6971 (22.0) | 573 (20.1) | 265 (18.5) | ||
| 25.0–29.9 (obesity I) | 2480 (35.1) | 2556 (34.4) | 920 (25.3) | 11219 (35.4) | 947 (33.3) | 343 (24.0) | ||
| ⩾30.0 (obesity II) | 293 (4.2) | 300 (4) | 108 (3.0) | 2425 (7.7) | 180 (6.3) | 73 (5.1) | ||
| Self‐rated health | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Better | 2113 (29.9) | 2201 (29.5) | 1087 (29.9) | 6498 (20.5) | 664 (23.3) | 303 (21.2) | ||
| Normal | 4637 (65.6) | 4811 (64.5) | 2322 (63.9) | 22444 (70.7) | 1876 (65.8) | 1006 (70.3) | ||
| Worse | 321 (4.5) | 443 (5.9) | 226 (6.2) | 2822 (8.9) | 313 (11.0) | 123 (8.6) | ||
| Functional disability | 318 (4.5) | 473 (6.3) | 178 (4.9) | <0.001 | 2675 (8.4) | 367 (12.9) | 121 (8.4) | <0.001 |
| Depressive symptoms | 260 (3.7) | 370 (5.0) | 256 (7.0) | <0.001 | 2366 (7.5) | 309 (10.9) | 164 (11.5) | <0.001 |
BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Subjects with missing data were excluded.