Table 4 Adjusted RR (95% CI) for all‐cause mortality and cause‐specific mortality for quitting from smoking (former smokers compared with current smokers) of clients in Elderly Health Centres in Hong Kong.
| Cause of death | Men† | Women† | Total‡ |
|---|---|---|---|
| RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | |
| Malignant neoplasm | |||
| Lung cancer | 0.51*** (0.39 to 0.67) | 0.86 (0.53 to 1.41) | 0.58*** (0.46 to 0.73) |
| All cancers | 0.64*** (0.54 to 0.77) | 0.89 (0.63 to 1.28) | 0.69*** (0.59 to 0.80) |
| Cardiovascular disease | |||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 0.75 (0.50 to 1.12) | 0.81 (0.40 to 1.63) | 0.77 (0.54 to 1.09) |
| Stroke | 0.63* (0.41 to 0.95) | 0.68 (0.33 to 1.38) | 0.67* (0.47 to 0.95) |
| All cardiovascular | 0.78 (0.61 to 1.00) | 0.8 (0.52 to 1.23) | 0.79* (0.64 to 0.98) |
| Respiratory disease | |||
| COPD | 1.42 (0.91 to 2.22) | 1.86 (0.85 to 4.07) | 1.49* (1.02 to 2.18) |
| All respiratory | 1.22 (0.90 to 1.66) | 1.68 (0.91 to 3.08) | 1.32* (1.01 to 1.73) |
| All causes | 0.79*** (0.70 to 0.89) | 1.04 (0.82 to 1.31) | 0.84** (0.75 to 0.93) |
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
†Adjusted for age, education, alcohol consumption, physical exercise and active chronic diseases: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/asthma, hypercholesterolaemia, cerebrovascular accident, regular medication, admission to hospital, monthly personal expenditure, regular contact with relatives, unintentional weight loss in the past 6 months, body mass index, self‐rated health, functional disability and depressive symptoms.
‡Adjusted for sex and the variables above.