Table 5 Adjusted RR with 95% CI for all‐cause and cause‐specific death by smoking status of clients in Elderly Health Centres in Hong Kong after excluding 244 deaths, people who died within 6 months after their first enrolment.
| Cause of deaths | Never smoker | Former smoker | All current smoker | Cigarette consumption per day for current smoker | Linear test for trend 1† | Linear test for trend 2‡ | Ever smoker§ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1–9 | 10–20 | >20 | |||||||
| RR | RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | p Value | p Value | RR (95% CI) | |
| Men¶ | |||||||||
| Malignant neoplasm | |||||||||
| Lung cancer | 1.00 | 3.36*** (2.20 to 5.13) | 6.65*** (4.34 to 10.18) | 6.17*** (3.78 to 10.07) | 7.35*** (4.56 to 11.83) | 7.24*** (3.86 to 13.59) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 4.45*** (2.98 to 6.64) |
| All cancers | 1.00 | 1.65*** (1.35 to 2.01) | 2.48*** (2.00 to 3.07) | 2.35*** (1.79 to 3.07) | 2.66*** (2.05 to 3.46) | 2.57*** (1.72 to 3.83) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.92*** (1.59 to 2.30) |
| Cardiovascular disease | |||||||||
| CHD | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.62 to 1.27) | 1.17 (0.75 to 1.80) | 1.01 (0.55 to 1.86) | 1.37 (0.79 to 2.38) | 1.54 (0.65 to 3.66) | 0.624 | 0.223 | 0.96 (0.69 to 1.35) |
| Stroke | 1.00 | 1.59* (1.01 to 2.50) | 2.56*** (1.56 to 4.22) | 2.26* (1.20 to 4.24) | 2.98** (1.61 to 5.54) | 2.22 (0.76 to 6.48) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.87** (1.22 to 2.85) |
| All | 1.00 | 1.26 (0.99 to 1.60) | 1.60** (1.20 to 2.12) | 1.47* (1.01 to 2.14) | 1.87** (1.31 to 2.68) | 1.49 (0.79 to 2.80) | 0.001 | 0.001 | 1.35** (1.08 to 1.70) |
| Respiratory disease | |||||||||
| COPD | 1.00 | 1.78* (1.08 to 2.96) | 1.24 (0.68 to 2.26) | 1.53 (0.76 to 3.06) | 0.73 (0.30 to 1.77) | 2.41 (0.94 to 6.16) | 0.629 | 0.832 | 1.61 (0.98 to 2.65) |
| All | 1.00 | 1.38* (1.02 to 1.86) | 1.12 (0.77 to 1.61) | 1.16 (0.73 to 1.83) | 0.95 (0.57 to 1.60) | 1.59 (0.80 to 3.13) | 0.495 | 0.633 | 1.30 (0.98 to 1.74) |
| All causes | 1.00 | 1.40*** (1.24 to 1.58) | 1.75*** (1.52 to 2.01) | 1.74*** (1.46 to 2.07) | 1.80*** (1.50 to 2.16) | 1.86*** (1.41 to 2.45) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.51*** (1.34 to 1.69) |
| Women¶ | |||||||||
| Malignant neoplasm | |||||||||
| Lung cancer | 1.00 | 2.77*** (1.95 to 3.92) | 3.25*** (2.11 to 4.99) | 3.40*** (2.07 to 5.59) | 3.11** (1.36 to 7.12) | Undetermined | <0.001 | <0.001 | 2.93*** (2.17 to 3.95) |
| All cancers | 1.00 | 1.46** (1.16 to 1.84) | 1.73*** (1.28 to 2.33) | 1.69** (1.17 to 2.43) | 1.98* (1.13 to 3.45) | Undetermined | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.54*** (1.27 to 1.88) |
| Cardiovascular disease | |||||||||
| CHD | 1.00 | 1.30 (0.85 to 2.00) | 1.47 (0.79 to 2.74) | 0.95 (0.39 to 2.34) | 2.00 (0.63 to 6.33) | 7.30** (1.78 to 29.97) | 0.112 | 0.043 | 1.35 (0.93 to 1.96) |
| Stroke | 1.00 | 1.39 (0.91 to 2.12) | 1.46 (0.78 to 2.73) | 1.13 (0.50 to 2.60) | 1.26 (0.31 to 5.13) | 7.73** (1.89 to 31.66) | 0.084 | 0.047 | 1.41 (0.97 to 2.05) |
| All | 1.00 | 1.37* (1.05 to 1.78) | 1.48* (1.01 to 2.18) | 1.24 (0.76 to 2.04) | 1.23 (0.51 to 2.99) | 5.62** (2.08 to 15.16) | 0.005 | 0.003 | 1.40** (1.11 to 1.76) |
| Respiratory disease | |||||||||
| COPD | 1.00 | 3.72*** (2.14 to 6.45) | 2.54* (1.14 to 5.66) | 1.92 (0.70 to 5.23) | 1.21 (0.16 to 9.20) | 8.51* (1.07 to 67.83) | <0.001 | 0.002 | 3.37*** (2.00 to 5.66) |
| All | 1.00 | 2.08*** (1.48 to 2.93) | 1.42 (0.80 to 2.52) | 1.36 (0.63 to 2.52) | 1.01 (0.25 to 4.11) | 3.58 (0.49 to 26.11) | 0.002 | 0.008 | 1.89*** (1.38 to 2.60) |
| All causes | 1.00 | 1.46*** (1.27 to 1.67) | 1.37** (1.12 to 1.68) | 1.28 (1.00 to 1.65) | 1.36 (0.89 to 2.07) | 1.74 (0.72 to 4.20) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.43*** (1.27 to 1.62) |
CHD, coronary heart disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
†Linear trend with increasing smoking status from never to former and current smoker.
‡Linear trend with increasing smoking status from never smoker, former smoker and current smoker consuming 1–9, 10–20, and 21 cigarettes or more daily.
§Combining current smoker and former smoker.
¶Adjusted for age, education, alcohol consumption, physical exercise, active chronic diseases: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart diseases, COPD/asthma, hypercholesterolaemia, cerebrovascular accident, regular medication, admission to hospital, monthly expenditure, regular contact with relatives, unintentional weight loss in the past 6 months, body mass index, self‐rated health, functional disability and depressive symptoms.