Table 6 Adjusted RR* (95% CI) for all‐cause mortality and cause‐specific mortality for quitting from smoking (former smokers compared with current smokers) of clients in Elderly Health Centres in Hong Kong after excluding 244 deaths, people who died within 6 months after the first enrolment.
| Cause of death | Men† | Women† | Total‡ |
|---|---|---|---|
| RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | |
| Malignant neoplasm | |||
| Lung cancer | 0.52*** (0.39 to 0.69) | 0.87 (0.53 to 1.45) | 0.58*** (0.46 to 0.75) |
| All cancers | 0.66*** (0.55 to 0.79) | 0.91 (0.63 to 1.31) | 0.70*** (0.59 to 0.82) |
| Cardiovascular disease | |||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 0.77 (0.50 to 1.17) | 1.00 (0.48 to 2.11) | 0.82 (0.57 to 1.18) |
| Stroke | 0.61* (0.39 to 0.93) | 0.80 (0.38 to 1.70) | 0.68* (0.47 to 0.98) |
| All cardiovascular disease | 0.79 (0.61 to 1.03) | 0.91 (0.58 to 1.43) | 0.82 (0.66 to 1.03) |
| Respiratory disease | |||
| COPD | 1.42 (0.90 to 2.24) | 1.65 (0.74 to 3.69) | 1.43 (0.97 to 2.12) |
| All respiratory | 1.21 (0.88 to 1.66) | 1.66 (0.88 to 3.12) | 1.30 (0.99 to 1.72) |
| All causes | 0.80*** (0.71 to 0.90) | 1.08 (0.85 to 1.37) | 0.85** (0.76 to 0.95) |
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
†Adjusted for age, education, alcohol consumption, physical exercise, active chronic diseases: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, COPD/asthma, hypercholesterolaemia, cerebrovascular accident, regular medication, admission to hospital, monthly personal expenditure, regular contact with relatives, unintentional weight loss in the past 6 months, body mass index, self‐rated health, functional disability and depressive symptoms.
‡Adjusted for sex and all variables above.