Table 2.
Baseline characteristics (1985–1989) of participants according to follow-up status at the end of follow-up (30 September 2007).
| Alive with at least one follow-up measurement of the internal cadmium dose
|
Deceased
|
Alive without any follow-up measurement of the internal cadmium dose
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | LEA | HEA | LEA | HEA | LEA | HEA |
| No. | 330 | 314 | 93 | 113 | 53 | 53 |
| Women [no. (%)] | 182 (50.7) | 177 (56.4) | 51 (54.8) | 59 (52.2) | 27 (50.9) | 29 (54.7) |
| Age [years (mean ± SD)] | 42.1 ± 12.8 | 41.2 ± 12.8 | 67.2 ± 12.1# | 66.0 ± 12.3# | 41.3 ± 14.6 | 43.4 ± 13.8 |
| Body mass index [kg/m2 (mean ± SD)] | 25.6 ± 3.8 | 25.9 ± 4.4 | 26.4 ± 4.6 | 27.0 ± 5.2# | 25.0 ± 4.4 | 25.4 ± 14.3 |
| Systolic pressure [mmHg (mean ± SD)] | 125 ± 15 | 124 ± 14 | 144 ± 20# | 140 ± 19# | 124 ± 15 | 129 ± 17 |
| Diastolic pressure [mmHg (mean ± SD)] | 74 ± 9 | 75 ± 9 | 78 ± 9# | 78 ± 10# | 73 ± 8 | 78 ± 11*# |
| Distance to nearest smelter [km; GM (IQR)] | 10.7 (9.0–12.7) | 1.10 (0.69–1.57)* | 10.7 (9.0–12.5) | 1.21 (0.68–1.66)*# | 12.0 (9.5–13.2) | 1.18 (0.69–1.87)* |
| Smokers [no. (%)] | 127 (38.5) | 126 (40.1) | 31 (33.3) | 39 (34.5) | 19 (35.9) | 21 (39.6) |
| Alcohol drinkers [no. (%)] | 58 (18.5) | 57 (18.4) | 12 (12.9) | 20 (17.9) | 10 (18.9) | 11 (20.8) |
| Serum total cholesterol [mmol/L (mean ± SD)] | 5.88 ± 1.29 | 5.66 ± 1.30 | 6.52 ± 1.66# | 6.38 ± 1.45# | 5.95 ± 1.42# | 5.78 ± 1.61# |
| Serum HDL cholesterol [mmol/L (mean ± SD)] | 1.44 ± 0.43 | 1.15 ± 0.34* | 1.29 ± 0.38 | 1.08 ± 0.37* | 1.54 ± 0.45 | 1.13 ± 0.34* |
| Serum creatinine [μmol/L (mean ± SD)] | 96 ± 16 | 98 ± 15 | 110 ± 39# | 109 ± 23# | 95 ± 17 | 103 ± 18 |
| Serum γ-glutamyltransferase [U/L; GM (IQR)] | 32 (22–45) | 31 (19–45) | 46 (22–70)# | 44 (26–54) | 49 (22–70) | 35 (22–51) |
| Serum ferritin [pmol/L; GM (IQR)] | 213 (34–1,021) | 236 (59–1,044) | 341 (57–1,522)# | 368 (80–1,252)# | 205 (50–989) | 249 (39–1,102) |
| BCd [nmol/L; GM (IQR)] | 10.3 (7.1–6.9) | 10.2 (6.2–18.6) | 13.0 (8.9–7.8)# | 16.2 (9.7–13.8)*# | 8.5 (5.4–15.1) | 11.1 (5.3–19.6) |
| UCd [nmol/day; GM (IQR)] | 7.4 (2.5–11.3) | 10.1 (5.9–16.5)* | 9.8 (9.9–12.7)# | 18.9 (11.7–29.8)*# | 6.9 (4.7–11.0) | 10.8 (5.2–19.1)* |
| Urinary RBP [μg/day; GM (IQR)] | 116 (83–163) | 134 (98–188) | 151 (85–220)# | 142 (84–209) | 124 (85–189) | 133 (92–212) |
| Urinary creatinine [mmol/day (mean ± SD)] | 12.7 ± 3.9 | 12.9 ± 4.1 | 10.0 ± 3.2# | 10.7 ± 4.4# | 12.5 ± 4.0 | 12.2 ± 3.9 |
GM, geometric mean.
*
Significantly different from LEA (p ≤ 0.05).
#
Significantly different from participants followed up and alive on 30 September 2007 (p ≤ 0.05).