Table 4.

BCd and UCd at baseline (1985–1989) as predictors of mortality in environmentally exposed subjects.

	Mortality statistics by area				Hazard ratios (95% CI) associated with a doubling of the internal cadmium dose at baseline (1985–1989)a
Variable	No. of deaths (%)		Standardized rate (per 1,000 person-years)		BCd	p-Value	UCd	p-Value
Study area
Exposure level	LEA	HEA	LEA	HEA	LEA and HEA		LEA and HEA
No. of subjects	476	480	476	480	924		944
No. of deaths	93	113	93	113	195		201
Cause of death
Total	93 (19.5)	113 (23.5)	10.2	13.1	1.25 (1.04–1.50)	0.017	1.20 (1.04–1.39)	0.014
Cardiovascular	38 (8.0)	50 (10.4)	4.4	5.9	1.20 (0.90–1.60)	0.21	1.07 (0.85–1.34)	0.56
Cardiac	23 (4.8)	33 (6.9)	2.6	3.9	1.19 (0.84–1.71)	0.33	1.05 (0.79–1.40)	0.73
Cerebrovascular	12 (2.5)	9 (1.9)	1.4	1.0	0.83 (0.46–1.49)	0.52	0.70 (0.59–0.98)	0.04
Noncardiovascular	42 (8.8)	54 (11.3)	4.8	5.9	1.33 (1.01–1.75)	0.04	1.44 (1.16–1.79)	0.0009
Cancer	21 (4.4)	33 (6.9)	2.4	3.8	1.21 (0.86–1.71)	0.27	1.43 (1.08–1.89)	0.012
Lung	4 (0.8)	13 (2.7)	0.4	1.5	0.98 (0.55–1.79)	0.99	1.62 (1.02–2.55)	0.039
Gastrointestinal	7 (1.5)	9 (1.9)	0.8	1.1	1.23 (0.66–2.32)	0.51	1.25 (0.72–2.15)	0.43
Urogenital	4 (0.8)	2 (0.4)	0.5	0.2	1.04 (0.37–2.90)	0.93	1.09 (0.42–2.83)	0.87
Other cancer	6 (1.3)	9 (1.9)	0.7	1.0	1.64 (0.84–3.21)	0.15	1.69 (0.99–2.86)	0.053
Other noncardiovascular	21 (4.4)	21 (4.4)	2.3	2.2	1.57 (1.01–2.44)	0.043	1.51 (1.07–2.14)	0.02
Violent death	1 (0.2)	4 (0.8)	0.1	0.5	1.81 (0.67–4.93)	0.24	2.65 (1.12–6.27)	0.026

The cause of death could not be ascertained in 17 participants. Death rates were standardized for sex and age (20–39, 40–59, ≥ 60 years) by the direct method.

^aHazard ratios and p-values were computed by Cox regression and were adjusted for sex, age, body mass index, smoking status, γ-glutamyltransferase as index of alcohol intake, and SES.