Table 4.
Mortality statistics by area
|
Hazard ratios (95% CI) associated with a doubling of the internal cadmium dose at baseline (1985–1989)a |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | No. of deaths (%) | Standardized rate (per 1,000 person-years) | BCd | p-Value | UCd | p-Value | ||
Study area | ||||||||
Exposure level | LEA | HEA | LEA | HEA | LEA and HEA | LEA and HEA | ||
No. of subjects | 476 | 480 | 476 | 480 | 924 | 944 | ||
No. of deaths | 93 | 113 | 93 | 113 | 195 | 201 | ||
Cause of death | ||||||||
Total | 93 (19.5) | 113 (23.5) | 10.2 | 13.1 | 1.25 (1.04–1.50) | 0.017 | 1.20 (1.04–1.39) | 0.014 |
Cardiovascular | 38 (8.0) | 50 (10.4) | 4.4 | 5.9 | 1.20 (0.90–1.60) | 0.21 | 1.07 (0.85–1.34) | 0.56 |
Cardiac | 23 (4.8) | 33 (6.9) | 2.6 | 3.9 | 1.19 (0.84–1.71) | 0.33 | 1.05 (0.79–1.40) | 0.73 |
Cerebrovascular | 12 (2.5) | 9 (1.9) | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.83 (0.46–1.49) | 0.52 | 0.70 (0.59–0.98) | 0.04 |
Noncardiovascular | 42 (8.8) | 54 (11.3) | 4.8 | 5.9 | 1.33 (1.01–1.75) | 0.04 | 1.44 (1.16–1.79) | 0.0009 |
Cancer | 21 (4.4) | 33 (6.9) | 2.4 | 3.8 | 1.21 (0.86–1.71) | 0.27 | 1.43 (1.08–1.89) | 0.012 |
Lung | 4 (0.8) | 13 (2.7) | 0.4 | 1.5 | 0.98 (0.55–1.79) | 0.99 | 1.62 (1.02–2.55) | 0.039 |
Gastrointestinal | 7 (1.5) | 9 (1.9) | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.23 (0.66–2.32) | 0.51 | 1.25 (0.72–2.15) | 0.43 |
Urogenital | 4 (0.8) | 2 (0.4) | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.04 (0.37–2.90) | 0.93 | 1.09 (0.42–2.83) | 0.87 |
Other cancer | 6 (1.3) | 9 (1.9) | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.64 (0.84–3.21) | 0.15 | 1.69 (0.99–2.86) | 0.053 |
Other noncardiovascular | 21 (4.4) | 21 (4.4) | 2.3 | 2.2 | 1.57 (1.01–2.44) | 0.043 | 1.51 (1.07–2.14) | 0.02 |
Violent death | 1 (0.2) | 4 (0.8) | 0.1 | 0.5 | 1.81 (0.67–4.93) | 0.24 | 2.65 (1.12–6.27) | 0.026 |
The cause of death could not be ascertained in 17 participants. Death rates were standardized for sex and age (20–39, 40–59, ≥ 60 years) by the direct method.
Hazard ratios and p-values were computed by Cox regression and were adjusted for sex, age, body mass index, smoking status, γ-glutamyltransferase as index of alcohol intake, and SES.