Table 1.
Main characteristics* of study participants by sex and race (n=585)
| Native Hawaiian | White | Japanese American | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Females | Median (Inter-quartile range) | Median (Inter-quartile range) | Median (Inter-quartile range) |
| N (%) | 99 (51.6%) | 99 (50.0%) | 97 (49.7%) |
| Age (years) | 60 (57, 66) | 61 (57, 66) | 61 (58, 67) |
| Cigarettes per Day | 20.0 (12.0, 16.0)‡ | 20.0 (18.7,30.0) | 16.0 (13.0, 20.0)‡ |
| Smoking Duration (years) † | 42.0 (37.0, 46.0) | 43.0 (39.0, 47.0) | 41.5 (38.0, 46.0) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.2 (24.0, 31.5)‡ § | 24.1 (21.2, 29.0) | 24.9 (21.4, 27.6) |
| Total Urine Volume (mL) | 739.0 (499.0, 1059.0) | 874.0 (444.0, 1160.0) | 824.0 (529.0, 1133.0) |
| Fruits Intake (g/kcal/day) | 44.0 (2.35, 168.2)‡ § | 117.4 (64.6, 256.7) | 162.7 (41.4, 264.9) |
| Vegetables Intake (g/kcal/day) | 186.7 (101.4, 247.6)§ | 241.3 (118.0, 358.0) | 207.4 (152.2, 281.6) |
| Caffeine Intake (mg/kcal/day) | 196.2 (86.5, 304.3) | 224.6 (137.9, 348.9) | 221.5 (120.7, 334.7) |
| Alcohol Intake (g/kcal/day) | 0.28 (0.01, 0.71) | 0.45 (0.16, 24.0) | 0.31 (0.07, 0.54) |
|
| |||
| Males
| |||
| N (%) | 93 (48.4%) | 99 (50.0%) | 98 (50.3%) |
| Age (years) | 59 (49, 65)‡ | 61 (58, 66) | 61 (57–66) |
| Cigarettes per Day | 20.0 (18.0,25.0)‡ | 25.0 (20.0, 40.0) | 20.0 (20.0, 25.0)‡ |
| Smoking Duration (years) † | 41.0 (32.0, 47.0)‡ § | 46.0 (41.0, 50.0) | 45.0 (40.0, 49.0) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.3 (24.2,33.2)‡ § | 26.4 (23.8, 30.1) | 26.0 (23.1, 28.9) |
| Total Urine Volume (mL) | 774.0 (534.0, 1114.0)‡ § | 914.0 (674.0, 1394.0) | 998.0 (674.0, 1454.0) |
| Fruits Intake (g/kcal/day) | 45.9 (0.21, 133.0)‡ | 90.3 (4.76, 208.1) | 53.8 (0.29, 151.6)‡ |
| Vegetables Intake (g/kcal/day) | 169.2 (100.7, 235.3) | 160.7 (93.7, 237.5) | 170.3 (127.5, 257.6) |
| Caffeine Intake (mg/kcal/day) | 171.7 (69.6, 299.5)‡ § | 292.8 (171.7, 398.5) | 241.0 (181.5, 401.0) |
| Alcohol Intake (g/kcal/day) | 0.01 (0.00, 1.59)‡ § | 0.94 (0.00, 39.1) | 0.20 (0.00, 35.8) |
*
Values are medians and inter-quartile ranges, unless otherwise indicated. The number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) and dietary intake are estimated by averaging over the three days preceding the 12-hour urine collection.
†
Smoking duration is sum of years using filtered cigarettes, non-filtered cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and chewing tobacco.
‡
P-value for comparison to whites is <0.05 (except for comparison of total fruits intake among men between Native Hawaiians and whites and between Japanese Americans and whites, where p=0.06).
§
P-value for comparison to Japanese Americans is <0.05 (except for comparison of total vegetable intake among females, where p=0.06).