Table 3. Multiway sensitivity analyses: estimated cost per QALY gained by adding routine vaccination of 12-y-old girls to existing cervical cancer screening in the United States*†.

Parameter or parameter set varied	Cost per QALY gained
	Excluding anal, vaginal, vulvar cancers, $US.	Including anal, vaginal, vulvar cancers, $US
Higher cost per case and larger reduction in quality of life for all HPV-related health outcomes	4,606	3,262
Lower cost per case and smaller reduction in quality of life for all HPV-related health outcomes	21,779	17,825
Discount rate = 0%; time horizon = 100 y	675	<0
Discount rate = 5%; time horizon = 50 y	36,503	34,539
Higher percentage of health outcomes attributable to HPV vaccine types; higher incidence of HPV-related health outcomes	3,815	1,882
Lower percentage of health outcomes attributable to HPV vaccine types; lower incidence of HPV-related health outcomes	24,250	20,265
All variables above (best-case scenario)	<0	<0
All variables above (worst-case scenario)	122,976	115,896

*When key parameter values were simultaneously varied in the population model of quadrivalent HPV vaccine (excluding herd immunity). QALY, quality-adjusted life year; HPV, human papillomavirus;
†The lower and upper bound ranges were the same as described in the1-way sensitivity analyses, except for the time horizon, which was varied from 50 y to 100 y.