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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2008 Dec 10.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Immunol Rev. 2006 May;2(2):119–141. doi: 10.2174/157339506776843033

Table 1. Apoptosis Regulatory Molecules of Gram-Positive Bacteria and their Cellular Targets.

Bacteria & Disease Presentations ARMs* Identified Target Cell Type* Reference
Staphylococcus aureus
(skin and soft tissue, infections of bones and joints, respiratory tract infections, endovascular, gastrointestinal systems, sepsis)		 SEB
TSST-1
α-toxin
SpA
SEA, D, E
?† 		CD4+, T, B, Epi, Endo, Eosin
B, Mono
T, Mono, Endo
B
T
keratinocytes, Osteo, Chondr		 [37-75]
[76, 77]
[49, 78-81]
[82, 83]
[84-86]
[87-90]
Streptococcus agalactiae
(pneumonia, meningitis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, sepsis)		 β-hemolysin
GRF
?		 MØ, Hep
MØ
neurons, Mono		 [28, 29, 91]
[92]
[93-96]
Streptococcus pneumoniae
(otitis media, pneumonia, sinusitis, meningitis, sepsis)		 PLY
H2O2
cell wall
?		 MØ, neurons, microglia
neurons, microglia
Mono
DCs, PMNLs, Epi, T		 [97-99]
[97]
[100]
[101-109]
Streptococcus pyogenes
(pharyngitis-tonsillitis, STTS, necrotizing fasciitis, impetigo, erysipelas, scarlet fever, post infection autoimmune disease)		 NADase SLO
SpeB
glycoprotein
?		 Keratinocytes
Keratinocytes
MØ, Epi
fibrosarcoma cells
PMNLs
 [110]
[110]
[111-113]
[114]
[115]
Bacillus anthracis
(anthrax, edema, sepsis)		 LeTx
PA		 MØ, Endo, PMNLs
Mono		 [25, 26, 116-119]
[116, 120-122]
Listeria monocytogenes
(granulomatosis infantiseptica, gastroenteritis, meningitis)		 LLO
?		 T, B, DCs
Hep, Epi, γδ, CD4+, CD8+, B, Neurons, NK cells		 [27, 123-126]
[127-131]
[132-134]
Clostridium difficile
(diarrhea, colitis, megacolon)		 exotoxin A
exotoxin B		 Col, Mast, T, Epi, Eosin, Hep
Epi, Hep, fibroblasts, Endo		 [135-143]
[143-148]
Clostridium perfringens
(diarrhea, enteritis, gangrene)		 CPE Epi [149, 150]
*

PCD induced in most cell types; those cell types in which PCD is inhibited are underlined.

†

Question mark denotes unidentified ARMs.

Abbreviations: ARMs, apoptosis regulatory molecules; SEB, staphylococcal enterotoxin B; CD4+, CD4+ T cells; T, T cells; B, B cells; Epi, epithelial cells; Endo, endothelial cells; Eosin, eosinophils; TSST-1, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1; Mono, monocytes; SpA, superantigenic protein A; SEA, staphylococcal enterotoxin A; SEE, staphylococcal enterotoxin E; Osteo, osteoblasts; Chondr, chondrocytes; MØ, macrophages; Hep, hepatocytes; GRF, glucose-regulated factor; PLY, pneumolysin; DCs, dendritic cells; PMNLs, polymorphonuclear leukocytes; NADase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-glucohydrolase; SLO, streptolysin O; SpeB, streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B; LeTx, lethal toxin; PA, protective antigen; LLO, listeriolysin O; γδ, γδ T cells; CD8+, CD8+ T cells; NK, natural killer cells; Col, colonocytes; Mast, mast cells; CPE, Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.