Table 2.
Teeth number, periodontal disease and risk of cancer incidence in the HPFS cohort (1986–2004) with hazard ratios provided before and after adjusting for smoking variables (714,294 person-years).
| Cancer site | Teeth number | Periodontal disease | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25–32 | 17–24 | 0–16 | No | Yes | |
| Total cancer* | 4375 | 813 | 532 | 4404 | 1316 |
| MV HR (95% CI)† | 1.0 (referent) | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) | 1.26 (1.15–1.38) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.27 (1.19–1.35) |
| MV HR (95% CI)± | 1.0 (referent) | 0.95 (0.88–1.02) | 1.09 (0.99–1.20) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.14 (1.07–1.22) |
| Lung | 405 | 146 | 127 | 442 | 236 |
| MV HR (95% CI)† | 1.0 (referent) | 1.85 (1.52–2.24) | 2.94 (2.38–3.63) | 1.0 (referent) | 2.08 (1.77–2.45) |
| MV HR (95% CI)± | 1.0 (referent) | 1.34 (1.10–1.63) | 1.70 (1.37–2.11) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.36 (1.15–1.60) |
| Oropharyngeal | 88 | 17 | 13 | 92 | 26 |
| MV HR (95% CI)† | 1.0 (referent) | 1.27 (0.75–2.16) | 1.86 (0.99–3.50) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.30 (0.83–2.03) |
| MV HR (95% CI)± | 1.0 (referent) | 1.18 (0.69–2.01) | 1.60 (0.84–3.04) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.15 (0.73–1.81) |
| Esophageal | 94 | 18 | 19 | 90 | 41 |
| MV HR (95% CI)† | 1.0 (referent) | 0.94 (0.58–1.63) | 1.77 (1.05–2.98) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.75 (1.20–2.55) |
| MV HR (95% CI)± | 1.0 (referent) | 0.86 (0.51–1.43) | 1.34 (0.78–2.30) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.44 (0.98–2.11) |
| Stomach | 77 | 18 | 11 | 79 | 27 |
| MV HR (95% CI)† | 1.0 (referent) | 1.21 (0.72–2.05) | 1.33 (0.69–2.58) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.31 (0.83–2.04) |
| MV HR (95% CI)± | 1.0 (referent) | 1.11 (0.65–1.88) | 1.10 (0.56–2.16) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.13 (0.72–1.79) |
| Pancreas | 189 | 44 | 20 | 176 | 77 |
| MV HR (95% CI)† | 1.0 (referent) | 1.20 (0.86–1.68) | 1.08 (0.67–1.73) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.70 (1.29–2.23) |
| MV HR (95% CI)± | 1.0 (referent) | 1.08 (0.77–1.52) | 0.91 (0.56–1.47) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.54 (1.16–2.04) |
| Colorectal | 805 | 145 | 93 | 828 | 215 |
| MV HR (95% CI)† | 1.0 (referent) | 0.94 (0.78–1.12) | 1.11 (0.89–1.38) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.06 (0.91–1.24) |
| MV HR (95% CI)± | 1.0 (referent) | 0.93 (0.78–1.12) | 1.10 (0.87–1.37) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.05 (0.90–1.23) |
| Kidney | 224 | 26 | 21 | 197 | 74 |
| MV HR (95% CI)† | 1.0 (referent) | 0.67 (0.44–1.01) | 1.04 (0.65–1.66) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.64 (1.25–2.15) |
| MV HR (95% CI)± | 1.0 (referent) | 0.61 (0.40–0.93) | 0.88 (0.54–1.41) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.49 (1.12–1.97) |
| Bladder | 402 | 87 | 54 | 398 | 145 |
| MV HR (95% CI)† | 1.0 (referent) | 1.12 (0.89–1.42) | 1.32 (0.98–1.77) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.43 (1.17–1.73) |
| MV HR (95% CI)± | 1.0 (referent) | 0.98 (0.77–1.24) | 1.00 (0.74–1.35) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.17 (0.96–1.43) |
| Advanced prostate | 405 | 95 | 41 | 434 | 107 |
| MV HR (95% CI)† | 1.0 (referent) | 1.03 (0.82–1.29) | 0.72 (0.52–1.00) | 1.0 (referent) | 0.90 (0.73–1.12) |
| MV HR (95% CI)± | 1.0 (referent) | 1.02 (0.81–1.28) | 0.70 (0.50–0.97) | 1.0 (referent) | 0.89 (0.71–1.10) |
| Hematopoietic | 739 | 126 | 69 | 720 | 214 |
| MV HR (95% CI)† | 1.0 (referent) | 0.93 (0.76–1.13) | 0.96 (0.75–1.24) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.29 (1.11–1.51) |
| MV HR (95% CI)± | 1.0 (referent) | 0.93 (0.76–1.12) | 0.96 (0.74–1.24) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.30 (1.11–1.53) |
| Brain | 106 | 16 | 10 | 110 | 22 |
| MV HR (95% CI)† | 1.0 (referent) | 0.98 (0.57–1.68) | 1.28 (0.65–2.51) | 1.0 (referent) | 0.99 (0.62–1.58) |
| MV HR (95% CI)± | 1.0 (referent) | 0.99 (0.58–1.70) | 1.31 (0.66–2.59) | 1.0 (referent) | 0.99 (0.61–1.59) |
| Melanoma | 605 | 67 | 26 | 580 | 118 |
| MV HR (95% CI)† | 1.0 (referent) | 0.73 (0.57–0.95) | 0.60 (0.40–0.89) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.01 (0.82–1.23) |
| MV HR (95% CI)± | 1.0 (referent) | 0.75 (0.58–0.96) | 0.62 (0.41–0.93) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.06 (0.86–1.30) |
Total cancers excludes nonmelonoma skin cancers and nonaggressive, organ-confined prostate cancers. Cancer sites with fewer than 100 cases were not examined separately; thus, total cancer cases are greater than the sum of each cancer presented in this table.
Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) controlling for age (continuous), race (White, Asian, Black), physical activity (quintiles), history of diabetes (yes/no), alcohol (quartiles), body mass index (<22, 22–24,9, 25–29.9, 30+), geographic location (South, West, Northeast, Midwest), height (quintiles), calcium intake (quintiles), total caloric intake (quintiles), red meat intake (quintiles), fruit and vegetable intake (quintiles), and vitamin D score (deciles).
Adjusted for all covariates in model above plus smoking history (never, past quit ≤10 yrs, past quit >10 yrs, current 1–14 cig/d, 15–24 cig/d, 25+ cig/d) and pack-years (continuous).