Table 3.

Teeth number, periodontal disease and risk of cancer among never cigarette, pipe or cigar smokers in the HPFS cohort (1986–2004, 308,928 person years)

NEVER SMOKERS	Teeth number			Periodontal disease
Cancer site	25–32	17–24	0–16	No	Yes
Total	1600	181	99	1626	254
HR (95% CI)*	1.0 (referent)	0.89 (0.76–1.04)	1.24 (1.00–1.53)	1.0 (referent)	1.21 (1.06–1.39)
Smoking-related†	442	61	33	458	78
HR (95% CI)*	1.0 (referent)	1.05 (0.80–1.38)	1.45 (1.01–2.10)	1.0 (referent)	1.26 (0.99–1.61)
Lung	49	12	5	57	9
HR (95% CI)*	1.0 (referent)	1.52 (0.78–2.94)	1.59 (0.60–4.16)	1.0 (referent)	0.96 (0.46–1.98)
Upper GI±	78	8	7	81	12
HR (95% CI)*	1.0 (referent)	0.77 (0.37–1.62)	1.74 (0.77–3.94)	1.0 (referent)	1.15 (0.62–2.15)
Hematopoietic	307	31	20	304	54
HR (95% CI)*	1.0 (referent)	0.76 (0.52–1.11)	1.21 (0.76–1.94)	1.0 (referent)	1.35 (1.01–1.81)

^*Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) controlling for age (continuous), race (White, Asian, Black), physical activity (quintiles), history of diabetes (yes/no), alcohol (quartiles), body mass index (<22, 22–24,9, 25–29.9, 30+), geographic location (south, west, northeast, midwest), height (quintiles), calcium intake (quintiles), total caloric intake (quintiles), red meat intake (quintiles), fruit and vegetable intake (quintiles), and vitamin D score (deciles).

^†Includes lung, bladder, kidney, oropharyngeal, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, leukemia.

^±Includes oropharyngeal, esophagus and stomach.