Table 3.
Univariable and multivariable association between maternal depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥ 16) and HSU for infants: A) Visits per month; B) ED and WIC use.
| A) | ||
|---|---|---|
| DEPENDENT VARIABLE | UNIVARIABLE ANALYSES t TEST (P VALUE)* | MULTIVARIABLE ANALYSES β (P VALUE) |
| PCP visits/mo for infants < 6 mo (n = 216) | 1.23 (.23) | −0.03 (.85)† |
| PCP visits/mo for infants ≥ 6 mo (n = 435) | −0.35 (.73) | 0.00 (.99)‡ |
| B) | ||
| DEPENDENT VARIABLE | UNIVARIABLE ANALYSES OR (95% CI) | MULTIVARIABLE ANALYSES ADJUSTED OR (95% CI) |
| ED use (n = 651) | ||
| • 0 visits | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| • ≥1 visits | 1.11 (0.64–1.95) | 1.02 (0.54–1.96)§ |
| WIC use (n = 651) | ||
| • 0 visits | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| • ≥1 visits | 1.02 (0.57–1.83) | 1.01 (0.50–2.06)|| |
CI—confidence interval, CES-D—Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, ED—emergency department, HSU—health services utilization, OR—odds ratio, PCP—primary care provider, SGA—small for gestational age, WIC—walk-in clinic.
Univariable P values for continuous variables were obtained using t tests comparing levels of predictor variables in the 2 outcome categories and for categorical variables using 2 x 2 tests of contingency tables.
Adjusted for maternal age, marital status, previous children, infant age, infant sex, maternal education, country of birth, smoking status, alcohol consumption, income, access to car, access difficulties, social support, financial strain, mother’s employment status, SGA, colic.
Adjusted for maternal age, marital status, previous children, infant age, infant sex, maternal education, country of birth, language spoken at home, smoking status, alcohol consumption, income, access to car, access to bus, social support, financial strain, mother’s employment status, preterm birth, SGA.
Adjusted for maternal age, marital status, previous children, infant age, infant sex, maternal education, country of birth, smoking status, alcohol consumption, income, access to bus, access difficulties, social support, financial strain, mother’s employment status, preterm birth, SGA.
Adjusted for maternal age, marital status, previous children, infant age, infant sex, maternal education, country of birth, language spoken at home, smoking status, alcohol consumption, income, access to bus, access difficulties, social support, financial strain, mother’s employment status, preterm birth, SGA.