Table 1. Prevalence of MDR TB among combined TB cases by country, Africa*.
| Country | MDR resistance value, % (95% CI) | Nationwide study | Year | Reference | References for other convenience sample surveys |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Algeria | 1.4† (0.5–2.7) | NA | NA | (11) | |
| Angola | 2.1† (0.6–8.9) | NA | NA | (11) | |
| Benin | 1.0† (0.2–3.9) | NA | NA | (11) | |
| Botswana | 1.6‡ (0.8–1.9) | Countrywide survey | 2002 | (1) | (17,18) |
| Burkina Faso | 2.6† (8.8–11.0) | NA | NA | (11) | (19) |
| Burundi | 1.4§ | Bujumbura survey | 2006 | (20) | |
| Cameroon | 2.0† (0.6–8.9) | NA | NA | (11) | (12,13) |
| Central African Republic | 2.2¶ (1.0–3.4) | Countryside survey | 1998 | (1) | (21) |
| Chad | 1.9† (0.5–9.0) | NA | (11) | (22) | |
| Congo, Brazzaville | 1.8† (0.5–8.2) | NA | NA | (11) | |
| Côte d’Ivoire | 5.4† (3.2–8.4) | NA | NA | (11) | (23) |
| Democratic Republic of Congo | 5.8¶ (0.6–10.3) | Kinshasa survey | 1999 | (1) | |
| Equatorial Guinea | 3.4§ | 5 of 18 survey districts | 2004 | (24) | |
| Eritrea | 1.9† (0.5–9.0) | NA | NA | (11) | |
| Ethiopia | 2.5¶ | Countrywide survey | 2005 | (1) | (25–27) |
| Gabon | 1.8† (0.6–8.1) | NA | NA | (11) | |
| Gambia | 0.4¶ (0.0–1.4) | Countrywide survey | 2000 | (28) | |
| Ghana | 1.9† (0.5–8.7) | NA | NA | (11) | |
| Guinea | 2.1¶ (1.0–3.0) | Sentinel sites survey | 1998 | (1) | |
| Guinea-Bissau | 2.6† (0.8–1.4) | NA | NA | (11) | |
| Kenya | 0¶ (0.0–1.1) | Nearly countrywide survey | 1995 | (1) | (29–31) |
| Lesotho | 1.6¶ (0.4–2.6) | Countrywide survey | 1995 | (1) | |
| Madagascar | 0.7¶ (0.7–10.3) | Countrywide survey | 2007 | (1) | (14) |
| Malawi | 1.9† (0.5–9.3) | NA | NA | (11) | (15,16) |
| Mali | 1.5† (0.3–7.9) | NA | NA | (11) | |
| Mauritius | 1.4† (0.4–6.4) | NA | NA | (11) | |
| Mozambique | 3.5¶ (2.5–4.6) | Countrywide survey | 1999 | (1) | (32,33) |
| Namibia | 1.5† (0.4–7.1) | NA | NA | (11) | |
| Niger | 2.7† (0.8–11.5) | NA | NA | (11) | |
| Nigeria | 2.0† (0.6–9.3) | NA | NA | (11) | |
| Rwanda | 4.6 | Countrywide survey | 2005 | (34) | |
| Senegal | 4.3¶ (0.8–10.6) | Countrywide survey | 2006 | (1) | |
| Sierra Leone | 3.1¶ (0.3–4.0) | Nearly countrywide survey | 1997 | (1) | |
| South Africa | 3.1¶ (2.2–3.0) | Countrywide survey | 2002 | (1) | (2,35–39) |
| Swaziland | 1.9¶ (0.5–3.1) | Countrywide survey | 1995 | (1) | |
| Togo | 2.1† (0.6–9.5) | NA | NA | (11) | |
| Uganda | 1¶ (0.1–1.6) | 3 district surveys | 1997 | (1) | |
| Tanzania | 1¶ (0.6–9.8) | Countrywide survey | 2007 | (1) | |
| Zambia | 1.8¶ (0.8–3.1) | Countrywide survey | 2000 | (1) | |
| Zimbabwe | 2.2¶ (1.3–4.0) | Nearly countrywide survey | 1995 | (1) |
*TB, tuberculosis; MDR TB, multidrug-resistant TB; CI, confidence interval; NA, not available. †Formulaic. ‡National Drug Resistance survey. §Convenience sample survey. ¶World Health Organization.