Table 2.

Standardized multivariate selection analysis on corolla shape for three E. mediohispanicum populations (n=90 plants per population). Results of only the first four RWs (RW1–RW4) are shown, although the analysis included all RWs and traits describing flower size, plant size and flower number. The corolla shapes associated with the highest female fitness in each population are also illustrated. The selected flower shapes were visualized as changes in landmark positions after computing predicted fitness scores for each individual by multiplying its shape variables by the selection gradient (Klingenberg & Monteiro 2005).

shape component	β±s.e.	t-ratio	p-value	selected flower shape
Em02
Std RW1	−0.132±0.185	2.32	0.479
Std RW2	0.059±0.119	0.50	0.622
Std RW3	−0.058±0.113	−0.51	0.609
Std RW4	0.029±0.109	0.26	0.793
Em21
Std RW1	0.159±0.077	−2.06	0.048
Std RW2	−0.059±0.077	−0.77	0.447
Std RW3	−0.051±0.078	−0.65	0.515
Std RW4	0.158±0.077	2.06	0.048
Em25
Std RW1	−0.065±0.108	−0.60	0.555
Std RW2	−0.111±0.101	−1.09	0.283
Std RW3	0.073±0.095	0.78	0.444
Std RW4	0.285±0.108	−2.64	0.013