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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Oct 24.
Published in final edited form as: Mol Cell. 2008 Oct 24;32(2):160–162. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.10.006

Figure 1. Multiple Pathways for FOXO Regulation.

Figure 1

FOXO transcription factors can be regulated through several mechanisms. Phosphorylation by Akt or MST1 can either promote or inhibit, respectively, FOXO nuclear localization. Akt-mediated phosphorylation induces FOXO association with 14-3-3 and promotes nuclear export and ubiquitination for degradation. By contrast, MST1-mediated phosphorylation promotes nuclear accumulation and gene regulation. Additionally, FOXO acetylation by acetyltransferases such as p300 and CREB-binding protein reduce FOXO DNA binding. Yamagata et al. (2008) now demonstrate that FOXO methylation by PRMT1 prevents Akt-mediated phosphorylation and enhances FOXO1-dependent transcription.