CE analysis of FITC-labeled amino acids for evaluating the electrical independence of microchannels in multilayer microdevices. (A–B) Microchip with a 5.0-mm-long crossover channel. (C–D) Microdevice with a 0.8-mm-long crossover channel. (A,C) Separation and detection in the main separation path; (B,D) same as (A,C) but with 250 V/cm applied in the crossover channel. Peaks are: (1) glycine, (2) asparagine, (3) phenylalanine and (4) arginine.