Depicted are the time-dependent productions of KC (panel A), IL-8 (panel B), TNF-α (panel C), IL-6 (panel D), MCP-1 (panel E), and IL-10 (panel F) in serum from anesthetized beagles subject to high tidal volume mechanical ventilation after intrabronchial administration of LPS (2–4 mg/kg, black squares, n=6) or intrabronchial LPS plus intravenous S1P one hour later (85 μg/kg, gray circles, n=6). Intravenous S1P augmented the systemic production of KC, TNF-α, and IL-6 induced by intrabronchial LPS compared to LPS alone with no significant alterations in the production of IL-8, MCP-1, or IL-10. Mean ± SEM, *p≤0.05 between groups.