Mixed primary cortical cultures were prepared and treated with vehicle or 50 pM H2O2 (top panels). H2O2 killed virtually all neurons (beta-III tubulin labeled with Texas-Red in all panels). Cortical cultures were also infected with Ad-GFP or Ad-Nrf2 48hr before H2O2 treatement. Adenovirus preferentially infected astrocytes (GFP in green) and pretreatment with Ad-Nrf2 virus protects neurons from H2O2 insult (bottom right). Hoechst 33258 (blue). Reprinted from Journal of Neuroscience, Volume 24, Kraft et al., Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2-dependent antioxidant response element activation by tert-butylhydroquinone and sulforaphane occurring preferentially in astrocytes conditions neurons against oxidative insult, 1101-12, 2004 with permission from Journal of Neuroscience.