TABLE III.
Median DMAP (nmol/g) and MDA (μg/g) Urinary Metabolite Levels by Behaviors and Demographic Characteristics
| Median (IQR)
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | No. (%) | DMAP (nmol/g; n = 73)a | MDA (μg/g; n = 72)a |
| Wear long-sleeve shirt, pants, closed-toe shoes, and hatb | |||
| Yes | 67 (91.8)c | 211.3 (112.8, 376.4) | 60.2 (19.0,152.0) |
| No | 6 (8.2) | 703.4 (466.2, 861.8)** | 276.7 (178.9, 442.3)** |
| Wear clean work clothes dailyb | |||
| Yes | 18 (24.7) | 133.7 (79.3, 222.5) | 22.8 (10.2,106.6) |
| No | 55 (75.3)c | 254.1 (156.8, 505.8)*,** | 103.5 (27.7, 208.9)** |
| Neither use gloves nor handwash with soapb | |||
| Yes | 8 (11.0) | 433.5 (240.8, 683.8) | 193.7 (116.2,409.5) |
| No | 65 (89.0)c | 206.4 (112.8, 376.4)* | 56.7 (16.8,161.5)** |
| Only use glovesb | |||
| Yes | 3 (4.1) | 1328.3 (188.4,1486.2) | 186.3 (126.6, 627.6) |
| No | 70 (95.9)c | 218.3 (112.8, 407.1)a,† | 61.8 (21.4,173.6)* |
| Only handwash with soapb | |||
| Yes | 34 (46.6) | 214.3 (150.2, 376.4) | 56.7 (21.8,117.0) |
| No | 39 (53.4)c | 222.5 (74.3, 505.8) | 116.2 (19.0, 204.3)† |
| Both use gloves and handwash with soapb | |||
| Yes | 28 (38.4)c | 155.0 (63.0, 309.2) | 39.3 (5.5,173.6) |
| No | 45 (61.6) | 231.5 (188.4, 460.0)** | 82.6 (24.8,184.2) |
| No. times handwashd | |||
| 0 | 1 (1.4) | 460.0 | 183.2 |
| 1–2 | 21 (28.8) | 397.7 (97.7, 513.3) | 143.8 (27.7,184.2) |
| ≥3 | 51 (69.9)c | 222.0 (122.9, 407.1) | 58.4 (14.6,173.6) |
| No. times hand wash with soapd | |||
| 0 | 11 (15.1) | 744.1 (188.4,1328.3)e,** | 293.0 (111.0, 442.3)f,** |
| 1–2 | 17 (23.3) | 354.0 (79.3, 513.3) | 151.0 (21.4,184.2) |
| ≥3 | 45 (61.6)c | 219.2 (122.9, 347.8) | 43.6 (10.0,138.5) |
| Sexb | |||
| Female | 12 (16.4)c | 222.5 (81.8, 267.5) | 30.9 (4.8,106.6) |
| Male | 61 (83.6) | 218.3 (132.4, 463.1)† | 93.3 (23.5,186.3)* |
| Aged | |||
| 18–24 | 25 (34.3)c | 254.1 (141.3, 505.8)g,† | 99.9 (25.0,194.2) |
| 25–29 | 15 (20.5) | 219.2 (153.2, 502.3) | 129.2 (24.8, 221.4) |
| 30–39 | 17 (23.3) | 172.7 (64.6, 267.5) | 33.7 (4.8, 54.9) |
| >40 | 16 (21.9) | 252.1 (103.7, 418.2) | 60.2 (24.8,184.7) |
No., number; IQR, inter quartile range.
a
Urinary metabolite levels are adjusted for creatinine concentration.
b
P values from nonparametric Kruskall–Wallis test.
c
Frequency one less for MDA.
d
P values from linear regression.
e
Difference between not handwashing with soap and handwashing with soap 1–2 times (P<0.05) and 3–4 times (P<0.20).
f
Difference between not handwashing and handwashing with soap 1–2 times (P<0.20) and 3–4 times (P<0.05).
g
Difference between farmworkers age18–24 and aged 30–39.
*
P<0.10.
**
P<0.05.
†
P<0.20.