Table 2.
Relationship between retinal vascular fractal dimension and diabetic retinopathy
| Retinal fractal dimension | N total | Prevalence* | Age and sex adjusted† | P value | Multivariable adjusted‡ | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Per 0.01 increase | 729 | — | 1.33 (1.19–1.49) | <0.001 | 1.37 (1.21–1.56) | <0.001 |
| Quartile 1: <1.45023 | 182 | 16 (8.8) | 1.0 | — | 1.0 | — |
| Quartile 2: 1.45023–1.46207 | 182 | 31 (17.0) | 2.16 (1.13–4.12) | 0.020 | 2.07 (1.03–4.18) | 0.041 |
| Quartile 3: 1.46214–1.47215 | 182 | 39 (21.4) | 2.94 (1.57–5.52) | 0.001 | 3.01 (1.53–5.94) | 0.001 |
| Quartile 4: ≥1.47217 | 183 | 51 (27.9) | 4.07 (2.21–7.49) | <0.001 | 3.92 (2.02–7.61) | <0.001 |
| Ptrend | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Data are n (%) or OR (95% CI).
*
Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in either eye.
†
OR (95% CI) of prevalent diabetic retinopathy (any grade compared with none in either eye) adjusted for age (continuous per 1 year increase) and sex.
‡
OR (95% CI) adjusted for age (continuous per 1 year increase), sex, diabetes duration (continuous-per 1 year increase), A1C (continuous per 1 mmol/l increase), MABP (continuous per 1 mmHg), BMI (continuous per 1 kg/m2 increase), and total cholesterol (continuous per 1 mmol/l increase).