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Conclusions and mechanistic hypothesis: How viral infections can stop type 1 diabetes. TGF-β augmentation of Tregs is not solely responsible for virally mediated prevention of type 1 diabetes. The viral induction of both PD-1L and TNF-α has been shown to downmodulate immune responses and are important for the attrition of the antiviral immune response, when the viral infection is being cleared. PD-1L and TNF-α also mediate the bystander death of autoaggressive T-cells.
