A, Dulbecco minimal essential medium (DMEM); (B) S-1-P; (C) S-1-P with InactiveU7; and (D) S-1-P with U7). E, The bar chart shows the quantification of the experiment A to D. F, The bar chart shows oxygen free radical production in response to angiotensin II and S-1-P in the presence and absence of absence of the nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen oxidase inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI; 10µM), as measured by quantitative dihydroethidium staining. Values are the mean ± SEM (n = 6). *P < .05; **P < 0.01 compared with control.