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T-junction bubble generation. (a) Schematic of the T-junction apparatus. (b) Air meets liquid at the T-junction and two-phase flow is established. The introduction of air reduces the cross-sectional area occupied by the liquid and, since the volume flow rate is regulated by a precision syringe pump, this results in a sharp increase in pressure at the T-junction and the ‘pinching-off’ of a bubble shown by sequence (c–e). Bubble generation is continuous as illustrated in (f).
