Table 3. Need Characteristics of Residents: Age and Functional Status.

Study	Resident Age Data	Cognitive Impairment (CI)	Activity of Daily Living (ADL) Dependence
National Survey of Assisted Living for the Frail Elderly (Hawes et al., 2000, 2003)	10.9% under 75; 34.8% 75-84; 54.3% 85+; 96% 65+	11.9% = moderate CI; 13.0% = severe CI	12.7% of residents needed help with 1-2 ADLs; 8.1% needed help with 3+ ADLs; 19.3% required help with dressing
Collaborative Studies of Long-Term Care/CS-LTC (e.g., Zimmerman et al., 2001)	52% 85 and over	28.7% = mild/moderate CI; 24.7% = severe CI	25.9% of residents had 3+ ADLs; 58.1% required limited to total assistance with bathing; M = 1.96 ADLs (range = 1 - 6)
Kane study (Levin & Kane, 2006)	M = 86 years	-	-
California residential care survey (Newcomer et al., 1994)	M = 78.9 years	39.7% = mild/moderate CI; 18.3% = moderate to severe CI; M MMSE = 20.33 (range = 0 – 30)	30.7% = no ADLs; 23.8% = 1 ADL; 18.9% = 2 ADLs; 9.5% = 3 ADLs; 17.1% = 4+ ADLs; M = 1.74 ADLs (range = 1 – 6)
Kane Oregon study (e.g., Frytak et al., 2001; Gaugler & Kane, 2001)	M = 84.61 years (SD = 7.06)	M MSQ = 5.99 (SD = 3.38; range = 0 – 10)	M = 16.88 ADLs (on magnitude estimation scale of 0 – 100; see Frytak et al., 2001)
Maryland Assisted Living Study (Burdick et al., 2005; Rosenblatt et al., 2004)	M = 85.6 years (SD = 8.2); range = 58 – 104	67.7% residents were diagnosed with dementia via consensus conference decision; M MMSE = 18.2 (SD = 8.8)	M = 12.3 ADLs (SD = 8.5; range = 0 – 39)
Los Angeles-Orange County study (Mitchell & Kemp, 2000)	M = 81 years (SD = 9.6); range = 56-100	-	70% received assistance with 1+ ADL; 21% received assistance on 3+ ADLs; 21% M = 1.6 ADLs (SD = 1.64; range = 1 – 7)

NOTE: AL = assisted living facilities; M = mean; SD = standard deviation; MMSE = Mini-Mental Status Examination; MSQ = Mental Status Questionnaire