Table 2.

Guided and integrated control programmes applied in Europe. (After van Lenteren 1993b.)

crop	type	elements	area under IPM in Europe/reduction in pesticides on that area
field vegetables	guided	monitoring–sampling–warning	5% of total area
		host-plant resistance diseases/pests	20–80% reduction
cereals	guided	monitoring–sampling–forecasting	10% of total area
		host-plant resistance diseases	20–50% reduction
maize	integrated	mechanical weeding–host-plant resistance	4% of total area
		diseases–biocontrol of insects	30–50% reduction
vineyards	integrated	biocontrol of mites–host-plant resistance	20% of total area
		diseases–pheromone mating disruption	30–50% reduction
olives	integrated	cultural control–biocontrol insects	very limited
		host-plant resistance diseases/pests
		monitoring–sampling–pheromones
orchards	guided	monitoring–sampling	15% of total area
		selective pesticides	30% reduction
	integrated	monitoring–sampling–pheromones	7% of total area
		biocontrol–selective pesticides	50% reduction
		host-plant resistance diseases
greenhouse vegetables	integrated	monitoring–sampling–biocontrol	30% of total area
		pests and diseases–host-plant resistance diseases	50–99% reduction